{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T22:03:59Z","timestamp":1771970639213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key Research and Development of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0200600, 2016YFD0200602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0200600, 2016YFD0200602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2015CB150405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB150405"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs","award":["SINOGRAIN II, CHN-17\/0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SINOGRAIN II, CHN-17\/0019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precision nitrogen (N) management requires an accurate and timely in-season assessment of crop N status. The proximal fluorescence sensor Multiplex\u00ae3 is a promising tool for monitoring crop N status. It performs a non-destructive estimation of plant chlorophyll, flavonol, and anthocyanin contents, which are related to plant N status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of proximal fluorescence sensing for N status estimation at different growth stages for rice in cold regions. In 2012 and 2013, paddy rice field experiments with five N supply rates and two varieties were conducted in northeast China. Field samples and fluorescence data were collected in the leaf scale (LS), on-the-go (OG), and above the canopy (AC) modes using Multiplex\u00ae3 at the panicle initiation (PI), stem elongation (SE), and heading (HE) stages. The relationships between the Multiplex indices or normalized N sufficient indices (NSI) and five N status indicators (above-ground biomass (AGB), leaf N concentration (LNC), plant N concentration (PNC), plant N uptake (PNU), and N nutrition index (NNI)) were evaluated. Results showed that Multiplex measurements taken using the OG mode were more sensitive to rice N status than those made in the other two modes in this study. Most of the measured fluorescence indices, especially the N balance index (NBI), simple fluorescence ratios (SFR), blue\u2013green to far-red fluorescence ratio (BRR_FRF), and flavonol (FLAV) were highly sensitive to N status. Strong relationships between these fluorescence indices and N indicators, especially the LNC, PNC, and NNI were revealed, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.40 to 0.78. The N diagnostic results indicated that the normalized N sufficiency index based on NBI under red illumination (NBI_RNSI) and FLAV achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy rate (90%) at the SE and HE stages, respectively, while NBI_RNSI showed the highest diagnostic consistency across growth stages. The study concluded that the Multiplex sensor could be used to reliably estimate N nutritional status for rice in cold regions, especially for the estimation of LNC, PNC, and NNI. The normalized N sufficiency indices based on the Multiplex indices could further improve the accuracy of N nutrition diagnosis by reducing the influences of inter-annual variations and different varieties, as compared with the original Multiplex indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T11:05:32Z","timestamp":1565262332000},"page":"1847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["In-Season Diagnosis of Rice Nitrogen Status Using Proximal Fluorescence Canopy Sensor at Different Growth Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shanyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Agro-Informatics and Sustainable Development (ICASD), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, 50923 K\u00f6ln, Germany"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Planning &amp; Design, Beijing 100125, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8419-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Agro-Informatics and Sustainable Development (ICASD), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Precision Agriculture Center, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3733-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7836-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huichun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Victoria I.S.","family":"Lenz-Wiedemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Agro-Informatics and Sustainable Development (ICASD), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, 50923 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Bareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Agro-Informatics and Sustainable Development (ICASD), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, 50923 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182570","article-title":"Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands","volume":"327","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1051\/agro\/2010034","article-title":"Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. 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