{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T18:30:17Z","timestamp":1769279417838,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41530752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41530752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91125010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91125010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation is the major component of the terrestrial ecosystem. Understanding both climate change and anthropogenically induced vegetation variation is essential for ecosystem management. In this study, we used an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method and a linear regression model to investigate spatiotemporal variations in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the agropastoral ecotone of northern China (APENC) during the 1982\u20132015 period. A quantitative approach was proposed based on the residual trend (RESTREND) method to distinguish the effects of climatic (i.e., temperature (TEM), precipitation (PRE), total downward solar radiation (RAD), and near surface wind speed (SWS)) and anthropogenic effects on vegetation variations. The results showed that the NDVI exhibited a significant greening trend of 0.002 year\u22121 over the entire study period of 1982\u20132015 and that areas with monotonous greening dominated the entire APENC, occupying 40.97% of the region. A browning trend was also found in the central and northern parts of the APENC. PRE presented the highest spatial correlation with the NDVI and climate factors, suggesting that PRE was the most important factor affecting NDVI changes in the study area. In addition, the RESTREND results indicated that anthropogenic contributions dominated the vegetation variations in the APENC. Therefore, reusing farmland for grass and tree planting made a positive contribution to vegetation restoration, while deforestation, overgrazing, and the reclamation of grasslands were the opposite. In addition, with the continuous implementation of national ecological engineering programs such as the Grain to Green Program, positive human activity contributions to vegetation greening significantly increased. These results will support decision- and policy-making in the assessment and rehabilitation of ecosystems in the study region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"1860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Detecting Vegetation Variations and Main Drivers over the Agropastoral Ecotone of Northern China through the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yayong","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Baoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Chansheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0518-2","article-title":"Trends and variation in vegetation greenness related to geographic controls in middle and eastern Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"62","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3487","article-title":"Land use and land cover change in agro-pastoral ecotone in Northern China: A review","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zhang, X.F., Liu, Q.F., Liu, Y., Ding, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2017). Impact of Land Use Intensity on Ecosystem Services: An Example from the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Central Inner Mongolia. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9061030"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.J., Wang, K., Liu, D., Zhao, X.Q., Fang, J.W., Li, J.S., Zhai, X.J., Zhang, C., and Zhan, R.Y. (2019). Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Ecosystem Service Losses in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071199"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13641","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013641","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Associated Driving Forces in Eastern China during 1999\u20132008","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.02.015","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between vegetation dynamics and climate change and their driving forces at multiple time scales in Southwest China","volume":"256","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.11.017","article-title":"Large-scale detection of vegetation dynamics and their potential drivers using MODIS images and BFAST: A case study in Quebec, Canada","volume":"206","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.07.063","article-title":"Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.018","article-title":"Increasing global vegetation browning hidden in overall vegetation greening: Insights from time-varying trends","volume":"214","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420834112","article-title":"Underestimated role of East Atlantic-West Russia pattern on Amazon vegetation productivity","volume":"112","author":"Gonsamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.01.001","article-title":"The vegetation greenness trend in Canada and US Alaska from 1984\u20132012 Landsat data","volume":"176","author":"Ju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.018","article-title":"North American vegetation dynamics observed with multi-resolution satellite data","volume":"112","author":"Neigh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s40010-017-0445-7","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing for Monitoring Agriculture Growth and Agricultural Drought Vulnerability Using Long-Term (1982\u20132015) Climate Variability and Socio-economic Data set","volume":"87","author":"Bhavani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13646","article-title":"Changes in vegetation phenology are not reflected in atmospheric CO2 and 13C\/12C seasonality","volume":"23","author":"Gonsamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.10.006","article-title":"Regional desertification: A global synthesis","volume":"64","author":"Hellden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.010","article-title":"Detecting changes in vegetation trends using time series segmentation","volume":"156","author":"Jamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.016","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform","volume":"113","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00011-1","article-title":"Assessment of climate impact on vegetation dynamics by using remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Roerink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A practical guide to wavelet analysis","volume":"79","author":"Torrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.014","article-title":"Detecting trend and seasonal changes in satellite image time series","volume":"114","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2010.10.005","article-title":"The combined use of order tracking techniques for enhanced Fourier analysis of order components","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Sig. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.252","article-title":"The multi-timescale temporal patterns and dynamics of land surface temperature using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition","volume":"265","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.019","article-title":"Automated mapping of vegetation trends with polynomials using NDVI imagery over the Sahel","volume":"141","author":"Jamali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-016-1277-x","article-title":"Nonlinear variations of forest leaf area index over China during 1982\u20132010 based on EEMD method","volume":"61","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793536909000047","article-title":"Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition: A Noise-Assisted Data Analysis Method","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-015-0962-6","article-title":"Improving Forecasting Accuracy of Annual Runoff Time Series Using ARIMA Based on EEMD Decomposition","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.03.042","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis and simulation of the watershed suspended sediment concentration based on the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.08.013","article-title":"Information spillovers and connectedness networks in the oil and gas markets","volume":"75","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.06.038","article-title":"An integrated approach to bearing prognostics based on EEMD-multi feature extraction, Gaussian mixture models and Jensen-Renyi divergence","volume":"71","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.197","article-title":"Staged icing forecasting of power transmission lines based on icing cycle and improved extreme learning machine","volume":"208","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2016.02.055","article-title":"Gold price analysis based on ensemble empirical model decomposition and independent component analysis","volume":"454","author":"Xian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15583","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71115583","article-title":"Satellite Image Time Series Decomposition Based on EEMD","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032069","article-title":"Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Parameters Optimization for Spectral Distance Measurement in Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.011","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of ecological environment combined with land cover and NDVI changes and implications for sustainable urban-rural development: The case of Mu Us Sandy Land, China","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.012","article-title":"Institutional change in social-ecological systems: The evolution of grassland management in Inner Mongolia","volume":"47","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-018-1493-x","article-title":"Analyzing vegetation dynamic trend on the Mongolian Plateau based on the Hurst exponent and influencing factors from 1982\u20132013","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.003","article-title":"Analysis of NDVI and scaled difference vegetation index retrievals of vegetation fraction","volume":"101","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2008-00839-y","article-title":"Identifying spatial pattern of NDVI series dynamics using recurrence quantification analysis","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3067","article-title":"Establishing a land degradation neutrality national baseline through trend analysis of GIMMS NDVI Time-series","volume":"29","author":"Gichenje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015921","article-title":"Improve land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation on autumn vegetation phenology in temperature China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos5040737","article-title":"Spatial and Decadal Variations in Potential Evapotranspiration of China Based on Reanalysis Datasets during 1982\u20132010","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"789","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns and characteristics of land\u2013use change in China during 2010\u20132015","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3017","article-title":"Vegetation dynamic trends and the main drivers detected using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method in East Africa","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.08.011","article-title":"Trend analysis of vegetation dynamics in Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau using Hurst Exponent","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.05.015","article-title":"Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability? A case study in South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Wessels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.022","article-title":"Limits to detectability of land degradation by trend analysis of vegetation index data","volume":"125","author":"Wessels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.047","article-title":"Quantifying the relative impacts of climate and human activities on vegetation changes at the regional scale","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-017-9122-x","article-title":"A climatological northern boundary index for the East Asian summer monsoon and its interannual variability","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9234-z","article-title":"Climatic regime shift and decadal anomalous events in China","volume":"84","author":"Qian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-013-5970-4","article-title":"Interannual precipitation variations in the mid-latitude Asia and their association with large-scale atmospheric circulation","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.018","article-title":"Changes in vegetation photosynthetic activity trends across the Asia-Pacific region over the last three decades","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-0919-x","article-title":"Assessing vegetation dynamics in the Three-North Shelter Forest region of China using AVHRR NDVI data","volume":"64","author":"Duan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3582-1","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and factor analysis in arid and semi-arid Inner Mongolia","volume":"73","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098337","article-title":"NDVI-Based Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climatic Change in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-017-0665-9","article-title":"Diverse effects of crop distribution and climate change on crop production in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of China","volume":"12","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.01.001","article-title":"Wind erosion changes induced by different grazing intensities in the desert steppe, Northern China","volume":"274","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-018-0059-1","article-title":"Interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe, Inner Mongolia of China","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1127\/0372-8854\/2012\/0089","article-title":"Determining soil erosion and threshold friction velocity at different soil moisture conditions using a portable wind tunnel","volume":"57","author":"Nourzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.02.039","article-title":"Impact of near-surface wind speed variability on wind erosion in the eastern agro-pastoral transitional zone of Northern China, 1982\u20132016","volume":"271","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2014.11.004","article-title":"Managing China\u2019s pastoral lands: Current problems and future prospects","volume":"43","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Pol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.01.022","article-title":"Emergy analysis of cropping\u2013grazing system in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2005.11.022","article-title":"Decentralization, Ecological Construction, and the Environment in Post-Reform China: Case Study from Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2009.06.004","article-title":"Greening western China: A critical view","volume":"40","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2948","article-title":"Land-use change and land degradation on the Mongolian Plateau from 1975 to 2015-A case study from Xilingol, China","volume":"29","author":"Nendel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3135","article-title":"Land degradation and restoration in the arid and semiarid zones of China: Quantified evidence and implications from satellites","volume":"29","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3052","article-title":"Land use\/land cover change and it\u2019s impacts on diurnal temperature range over the agricultural pastoral ecotone of Northern China","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9751-2","article-title":"Distinguishing between human-induced and climate-driven vegetation changes: A critical application of RESTREND in Inner Mongolia","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/16\/1860\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:52Z","timestamp":1760188192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/16\/1860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11161860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11161860","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]}}}