{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:33:14Z","timestamp":1781249594716,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Cooperation Fund of Ecological Effects of Climate Change and Land Use\/Cover Change in Arid and Semiarid Regions of Central Asia in the Most Recent 500 Years","award":["41361140361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41361140361"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-XBQN-B-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-XBQN-B-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71704150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71704150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HKBU 203913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKBU 203913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HKBU 22301916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKBU 22301916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRG2\/14-15\/073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRG2\/14-15\/073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRG2\/16-17\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRG2\/16-17\/004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under climate change and increasing water demands, groundwater depletion has become regional and global threats for water security, which is an indispensable target to achieving sustainable developments of human society and ecosystems, especially in arid and semiarid regions where groundwater is a major water source. In this study, groundwater depletion of 2003\u20132016 over Xinjiang in China, a typical arid region of Central Asia, is assessed using the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) satellite and the global land data assimilation system (GLDAS) datasets. In the transition of a warm-dry to a warm-wet climate in Xinjiang, increases in precipitation, soil moisture and snow water equivalent are detected, while GRACE-based groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) exhibit significant decreasing trends with rates between-3.61 \u00b1 0.85 mm\/a of CSR-GWSA and \u22123.10 \u00b1 0.91 mm\/a of JPL-GWSA. Groundwater depletion is more severe in autumn and winter. The decreases in GRACE-based GWSA are in a good agreement with the groundwater statistics collected from local authorities. However, at the same time, groundwater abstraction in Xinjiang doubled, and the water supplies get more dependent on groundwater. The magnitude of groundwater depletion is about that of annual groundwater abstraction, suggesting that scientific exploitation of groundwater is the key to ensure the sustainability of freshwater withdrawals and supplies. Furthermore, GWSA changes can be well estimated by the partial least square regression (PLSR) method based on inputs of climate data. Therefore, GRACE observations provide a feasible approach for local policy makers to monitor and forecast groundwater changes to control groundwater depletion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T11:11:00Z","timestamp":1565867460000},"page":"1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Groundwater Depletion Estimated from GRACE: A Challenge of Sustainable Development in an Arid Region of Central Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4259-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0288-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9288-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Chair of Hydrology and River Basin Management, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-1863-2010","article-title":"Groundwater use for irrigation-a global inventory","volume":"14","author":"Siebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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