{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:44:49Z","timestamp":1760240689896,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to improve the accuracy of subsurface target classification with ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems, it is desired to transmit and receive ultra-wide band pulses with varying combinations of polarization (a technique referred to as polarimetry). The sinuous antenna exhibits such desirable properties as ultra-wide bandwidth, polarization diversity, and low-profile form factor, making it an excellent candidate for the radiating element of such systems. However, sinuous antennas are dispersive since the active region moves with frequency along the structure, resulting in the distortion of radiated pulses. This distortion may be compensated in signal processing with accurately simulated or measured antenna phase information. However, in a practical GPR, the antenna performance may deviate from that simulated, accurate measurements may be impractical, and\/or the dielectric loading of the environment may cause deviations. In such cases, it may be desirable to employ a simple dispersion model based on antenna design parameters which may be optimized in situ. This paper explores the dispersive properties of the sinuous antenna and presents a simple, adjustable, model that may be used to correct dispersed pulses. The dispersion model is successfully applied to both simulated and measured scenarios, thereby enabling the use of sinuous antennas in polarimetric GPR applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T11:22:38Z","timestamp":1566213758000},"page":"1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Compensation of Dispersion in Sinuous Antennas for Polarimetric Ground Penetrating Radar Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan A.","family":"Crocker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Waymond R.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1109\/5.338072","article-title":"Ground penetrating radar as a subsurface environmental sensing tool","volume":"82","author":"Peters","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2388786","article-title":"Efficient Algorithm Design for GPR Imaging of Landmines","volume":"53","author":"Krueger","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, D.J. (2004). Ground Penetrating Radar, Institution of Engineering and Technology. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1049\/PBRA015E"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"MacDonald, J., and Lockwood, J.R. (2003). Alternatives for Landmine Detection, RAND Corporation."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1986.13457","article-title":"Polarization diversity in radars","volume":"74","author":"Giuli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Chen, C.C., Feng, X., and Liu, C. (2016, January 10\u201315). Application of entropy classification method to the detection of subsurface linear targets in polarimetric GPR data. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730940"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"DuHamel, R.H. (1987). Dual Polarized Sinuous Antennas. (4,658,262), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blejer, D.J., Scarborough, S.M., Frost, C.E., Catalan, H.R., McCoin, K.H., Roman, J., and Mukai, D.M. (1992, January 18\u201325). Ultra-wideband polarimetric imaging of corner reflectors in foliage. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1992 Digest, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.1992.221868"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pochanin, G.P., Kaluzhny, N.M., Masalov, S.A., and Pochanina, I.Y. (2015, January 21\u201324). Ultrawideband linearly polarized antennas of Vivaldi type for ground penetrating radar. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques (ICATT), Kharkiv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICATT.2015.7136838"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sustman, J.W., and Scott, W.R. (2013, January 7\u201313). A resistive-vee dipole based polarimetric antenna. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2013.6711103"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2177514","article-title":"Subsurface Imaging Using a Handheld GPR MD System","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMichael, I.T., Scott, W.R., Nallon, E.C., Schnee, V.P., and Mirotznik, M.S. (2013, January 21\u201326). EBG antenna for GPR co-located with a metal detector for landmine detection. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium\u2014IGARSS, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723688"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"McFadden, M. (2009). Analysis of the Equiangular Spiral Antenna. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology]. Available online: https:\/\/smartech.gatech.edu\/handle\/1853\/31726."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2003.813602","article-title":"On the dispersive properties of the conical spiral antenna and its use for pulsed radiation","volume":"51","author":"Hertel","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1970.1139803","article-title":"On transient radiation from a log-periodic dipole array","volume":"18","author":"Knop","year":"1970","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"McLean, J., Foltz, H., and Sutton, R. (2004, January 18\u201321). The quantitative assessment of the UWB performance of log-periodic dipole antennas with fixed equalization. Proceedings of the 2004 International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems Joint with Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, Joint UWBST IWUWBS 2004 (IEEE Cat. No.04EX812), Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Olvera, A.D.J.F., Nandi, U., Norman, J., Gossard, A.C., Roskos, H., and Preu, S. (September, January 27). Dispersive properties of self-complementary log-periodic antennas in pulsed THz systems. Proceedings of the 2017 42nd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Cancun, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, M.R., Witten, T.R., Duncan, M., and McCummins, R. (2003, January 11). Mine detection with a forward-looking ground-penetrating synthetic aperture radar. Proceedings of the Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets VIII, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.487054"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, W.W., Lacko, P.R., Ralston, J.M., and Dieguez, E. (2003, January 11). Wideband 3D imaging radar using Archimedean spiral antennas. Proceedings of the Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets VIII, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.485714"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2916477","article-title":"On the Design of Sinuous Antennas for UWB Radar Applications","volume":"18","author":"Crocker","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5229","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2477492","article-title":"Modification of Sinuous Antenna Arms for UWB Radar Applications","volume":"63","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sower, G.D., Kilgore, R., and Roman, J.R. (2001, January 18). GSTAMIDS ground-penetrating radar: Data processing algorithms. Proceedings of the Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets VI, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.445532"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.905105","article-title":"Refraction and Dispersion Effects Compensation for UWB SAR Subsurface Object Imaging","volume":"45","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"DuHamel, R., and Isbell, D. (1966, January 21\u201325). Broadband logarithmically periodic antenna structures. Proceedings of the 1958 IRE International Convention Record, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2207048","article-title":"Dual-Polarized Sinuous Antennas on Extended Hemispherical Silicon Lenses","volume":"60","author":"Edwards","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Baldonero, P., Manna, A., Trotta, F., Pantano, A., and Bartocci, M. (2009, January 23\u201327). UWB Double polarised phased array. Proceedings of the 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dassault Syst\u00e8mes (2019, July 25). CST STUDIO SUITE 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/products-services\/simulia\/products\/cst-studio-suite."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Weisstein, E.W. (2019, July 25). Gaussian Function. From MathWorld\u2014A Wolfram Web Resource. Available online: http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/GaussianFunction.html."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Weisstein, E.W. (2019, July 25). Hermite Polynomial. From MathWorld\u2014A Wolfram Web Resource. Available online: http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/HermitePolynomial.html."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Lee, S. (2009). Approximation of Gaussian by Scaling Functions and Biorthogonal Scaling Polynomials. Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 32."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"The MathWorks, Inc. (2019, July 25). MATLAB R2018 Optimization Toolbox. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/optimization.html."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sammeta, R., and Filipovic, D. (2012, January 8\u201314). Quasi-frequency independent high power sinuous antenna. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2012.6349036"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2365232","article-title":"Improved Efficiency Lens-Loaded Cavity-Backed Transmit Sinuous Antenna","volume":"62","author":"Sammeta","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"LPKF Laser & Electronics AG (2019, January 29). LPKF Laser & Electronics. Available online: https:\/\/www.lpkf.com\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rogers Corporation (2019, January 29). RT\/duroid 5880 Laminates. Available online: http:\/\/www.rogerscorp.com\/acs\/products\/32\/rt-duroid-5880-laminates.aspx."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorho, N., Lirzin, G., Bikiny, A., Lestieux, S., Chousseaud, A., and Razban, T. (2015, January 4\u20137). Miniaturization of an UWB Dual-Polarized Antenna. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2015.7324474"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghdam, K.M.P., Faraji-Dana, R., and Rashed-Mohassel, J. (2004, January 20\u201323). Optimization of microstrip tapered balun for sinuous antenna feeding circuits. Proceedings of the 2004 10th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics and URSI Conference, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTEM.2004.7860572"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, M.A., Sheer, J.A., and Holm, W.A. (2010). Principles of Modern Radar, SciTech.","DOI":"10.1049\/SBRA021E"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/16\/1937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:12:11Z","timestamp":1760188331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/16\/1937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11161937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11161937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]}}}