{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T03:47:07Z","timestamp":1774410427267,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many existing satellite evapotranspiration (ET)-based drought indices have characterized regional drought condition successfully, but the relatively short time span of ET products limits their use in long-term climatological drought assessment. In this study, we assess Evaporative Drought Index (EDI) as a drought monitoring indicator over Northeast China through a retrospective comparison with drought-related indicators. After verifying its utility for detecting documented regional drought events and impacts of drought on crop production, we apply it to improve our understanding of the variation in dryness over Northeast China from 1982 to 2015. Our results illustrate that EDI is generally effective for characterizing terrestrial moisture condition and its standardized formula, namely, Standardized Evaporative Drought Index (sEDI) corresponds well with historical drought events and inter-annual grain crop yields over Northeast China. Although the calculation of sEDI does not directly incorporate precipitation and soil moisture, statistical analyses indicate sEDI can detect drought in accordance with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), with the highest correlations found in the west part of Northeast China (R &lt; \u22120.7). Further analysis illustrates sEDI is more related to commonly-used drought metrics over areas with short canopy vegetation (R &lt; \u22120.5) than woodland (R &lt; \u22120.2), which suggests precipitation may not be a good representative of drought condition over areas with deep-rooted vegetation. Then, we find 56.5% of Northeast China shows an upward dry trend from 1982 to 2015, which mainly concentrates in the west part of the study area. Conversely, 14.4% of Northeast China shows a significant wetted trend and most of them locate at cropland areas, due to the improved water management. This study suggests that EDI is a feasible method to monitor spatially distributed drought condition and can provide unique drought information not reflected by rainfall deficits, which also can be used to evaluate traditional precipitation-based indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11171960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1566386346000},"page":"1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Assessing the Remotely Sensed Evaporative Drought Index for Drought Monitoring over Northeast China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangyi","family":"Bei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xianhong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049","article-title":"Drought modeling\u2014A review","volume":"403","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-386.1","article-title":"A Global Data Set of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870\u20132002: Relationship with Soil Moisture and Effects of Surface Warming","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2067","article-title":"Global warming and changes in drought","volume":"4","author":"Trenberth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185383","article-title":"Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People","volume":"327","author":"Godfray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-011-0841-x","article-title":"Drought hazard assessment and spatial characteristics analysis in China","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.200","article-title":"Effects of spring drought on carbon sequestration, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in the songnen meadow steppe in northeast China","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0909-2","article-title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of drought risk during the crop-growing season over northeast China","volume":"71","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1149","article-title":"A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Heim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00149.1","article-title":"An overview of drought monitoring and prediction systems at regional and global scales","volume":"98","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/00431672.1968.9932814","article-title":"Keeping Track of Crop Moisture Conditions, Nationwide: The New Crop Moisture Index","volume":"21","author":"Palmer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Weatherwise"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mckee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., and Kleist, J. (1993, January 17). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2968.1","article-title":"Spatial variation and trends in PDSI and SPI indices and their relation to streamflow in 10 large regions of China","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0999-x","article-title":"Evaluation of drought and wetness episodes in a cold region (Northeast China) since 1898 with different drought indices","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1142","article-title":"The effect of the length of record on the standardized precipitation index calculation","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<0655:DOTLIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Droughts of the Late 1980s in the United States as Derived from NOAA Polar-Orbiting Satellite Data","volume":"76","author":"Kogan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.045","article-title":"Multi-sensor integrated framework and index for agricultural drought monitoring","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.005","article-title":"Monitoring agricultural drought for arid and humid regions using multi-sensor remote sensing data","volume":"114","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"56","article-title":"Study on monitoring drought in China with MODIS product","volume":"16","author":"Qi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00174-3","article-title":"Assessing vegetation response to drought in the northern Great Plains using vegetation and drought indices","volume":"87","author":"Ji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.023","article-title":"Monitoring meteorological drought in semiarid regions using multi-sensor microwave remote sensing data","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., and Dickinson, R.E. (2012). A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability. Rev. Geophys., 50.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000373"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00258374","article-title":"Measuring yield-reducing plant water potential depressions in wheat by infrared thermometry","volume":"2","author":"Idso","year":"1981","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90020-5","article-title":"Estimating crop water deficit using the relation between surface-air temperature and spectral vegetation index","volume":"49","author":"Moran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.11.062","article-title":"Assessing the remotely sensed Drought Severity Index for agricultural drought monitoring and impact analysis in North China","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Anderson, M.C., Hain, C., Wardlow, B., Pimstein, A., Mecikalski, J., and Kustas, W. (2012). A thermal-based evaporative stress index for monitoring surface moisture depletion. Remote Sens. Drought Innov. Monit. Approaches, 145\u2013167. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com.hk\/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=n1gqnmglvLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA145&dq=A+thermal-based+evaporative+stress+index+for+monitoring+surface+moisture+depletion&ots=YCNl9xCiux&sig=tj-OllGPwMqO7rhMQkqWtS55aqg&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q=A%20thermal-based%20evaporative%20stress%20index%20for%20monitoring%20surface%20moisture%20depletion&f=false."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00213.1","article-title":"A Remotely Sensed Global Terrestrial Drought Severity Index","volume":"94","author":"Mu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0140.1","article-title":"An Intercomparison of Drought Indicators Based on Thermal Remote Sensing and NLDAS-2 Simulations with U.S. Drought Monitor Classifications","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"190","article-title":"Assessment of the EUMETSAT LSA-SAF evapotranspiration product for drought monitoring in Europe","volume":"30","author":"Vogt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000456","article-title":"Remote sensing of drought: Progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"53","author":"Aghakouchak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2328.1","article-title":"Monitoring Drought over the Conterminous United States Using MODIS and NCEP Reanalysis-2 Data","volume":"49","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Analysis of Drought in North China Based on Evapotranspiration Drought Index","volume":"39","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.07.024","article-title":"A drought rarity and evapotranspiration-based index as a suitable agricultural drought indicator","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"447","article-title":"Monitoring global land surface drought based on a hybrid evapotranspiration model","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-0972-5","article-title":"Evaluation of EDI derived from the exponential evapotranspiration model for monitoring China\u2019s surface drought","volume":"63","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.11.016","article-title":"MODIS-driven estimation of terrestrial latent heat flux in China based on a modified Priestley\u2013Taylor algorithm","volume":"171","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Yao, Y., Wang, Z., Jia, K., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Xu, J., and Chen, X. (2017). Satellite-derived spatiotemporal variations in evapotranspiration over northeast China during 1982\u20132010. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111140"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2006.09.001","article-title":"Land cover changes during agrarian restructuring in Northeast China","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Analyzing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Meteorological Drought and Its Responses to Climate Change across Northeast China","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"157","article-title":"The contrast analysis on the average and extremum temperature trend in Northeast China","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"007","article-title":"Research on the Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Precipitation in Northeast China in Recent 50 Years","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"488","article-title":"The Situation and Comparative Advantage and Problems and Countermeasures of Grain Product of the Three Provinces in East-north Areas","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-2780(09)60005-5","article-title":"Impacts of changes in climate and its variability on food production in Northeast China","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Agron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"791","article-title":"Reanalysis of Surface Air Temperature Change of the Last 100 Years over China","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010673212131","article-title":"Climate Change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its Impact on the Environmental Condition","volume":"50","author":"Qian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"779","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations of extreme precipitation and dryness events in Northeast China in last 50 years","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2017, December 15). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, AVHRR, Available online: http:\/\/islscp2.sesda.com\/ISLSCP21\/data."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2016, October 16). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, LP DAAC, Available online: http:\/\/reverb.echo.nasa.gov\/reverb."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"He, J., and Yang, K. (2011). China Meteorological Forcing Dataset, Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center. Available online: http:\/\/westdc.westgis.ac.cn\/data\/7a35329c-c53f-4267-aa07-e0037d913a21."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.08.004","article-title":"On downward shortwave and longwave radiations over high altitude regions: Observation and modeling in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"150","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., and Dool, H.V.D. (2004). Climate Prediction Center global monthly soil moisture data set at 0.5 resolution for 1948 to present. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004345"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2017, May 14). CPC Soil Moisture Data, Available online: https:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/psd\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Palmer Drought Severity Index (2016, October 20). Zhao and Running. Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.ntsg.umt.edu\/pub\/NPP Science 2010\/PDSI\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2017, July 17). Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for Global Land Surface (1949\u20132012). Available online: https:\/\/rda.ucar.edu\/datasets\/ds298.0\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9037-z","article-title":"Estimating Land Surface Evaporation: A Review of Methods Using Remotely Sensed Surface Temperature Data","volume":"29","author":"Kalma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters","volume":"100","author":"Priestley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.09.047","article-title":"Satellite based analysis of northern ET trends and associated changes in the regional water balance from 1983 to 2005","volume":"379","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos5040737","article-title":"Spatial and Decadal Variations in Potential Evapotranspiration of China Based on Reanalysis Datasets during 1982\u20132010","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"58","article-title":"Meteorological drought","volume":"45","author":"Wayne","year":"1965","journal-title":"US Weather Bur. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1167","article-title":"The Quantification of Drought: An Evaluation of Drought Indices","volume":"83","author":"Keyantash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05964.x","article-title":"Comparing the palmer drought index and the standardized precipitation index 1","volume":"34","author":"Guttman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jawra J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Song, L. (2015). China Meteorological Disaster Yearbook (2014), China Meteorological Administration."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Ma, J. (2019, April 20). China Statistical Data, Available online: http:\/\/data.stats.gov.cn\/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103&zb=A0D0Q%AE=23000-0&sj=2014: 2014."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"59","article-title":"Temporal-spatial change of temperature and precipitation based on CAST in northeast China","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Palmer Drought Severity Index: Limitations and Assumptions","volume":"23","author":"Alley","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2900.1","article-title":"Use of NDVI and land surface temperature for drought assessment: Merits and limitations","volume":"23","author":"Karnieli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1571","article-title":"A drought climatology for Europe","volume":"22","author":"Saunders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhag, K., and Zhang, W. (2018). Monitoring and Assessment of Drought Focused on Its Impact on Sorghum Yield over Sudan by Using Meteorological Drought Indices for the Period 2001\u20132011. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081231"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1371","article-title":"Appropriate application of the standardized precipitation index in arid locations and dry seasons","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Zhao, H. (2007). Analysis on formation cause and prevention countermeasure of desertification and degeneration of Hulunbeier grassland. Pratac. Sci., 6."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drought variability in Inner Mongolia of northern China during 1960\u20132013 based on standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhang, P., and Zhang, R. (2012). Analysis of drought and meteorological disasters in Hulun Buir Grassland. Fortune World, 14."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1082-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044037","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044037","article-title":"A near real-time satellite-based global drought climate data record","volume":"7","author":"AghaKouchak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Biggs, T., Petropoulos, G., Velpuri, N., and Marshall, M. (2015). Remote sensing of actual evapotranspiration form Croplands. Remote Sensing Handbook: Remote Sensing of Water Resources, Disasters, and Urban Studies, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019","article-title":"Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm","volume":"115","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.013","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of two MODIS evapotranspiration products over the conterminous United States: Using point and gridded FLUXNET and water balance ET","volume":"139","author":"Velpuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.013","article-title":"A satellite-based hybrid algorithm to determine the Priestley Taylor parameter for global terrestrial latent heat flux estimation across multiple biomes","volume":"165","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoniello, T., Cuomo, V., Lanfredi, M., Lasaponara, R., and Macchiato, M. (2004). On the relevance of accurate correction and validation procedures in the analysis of AVHRR-NDVI time series for long-term monitoring. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004819"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6086929","article-title":"A non-stationary 1981\u20132012 AVHRR NDVI3g time series","volume":"6","author":"Pinzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3812.1","article-title":"Evaluation of Drought Indices Based on Thermal Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration over the Continental United States","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index","volume":"23","author":"Vicenteserrano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.034","article-title":"The Evaporative Stress Index as an indicator of agricultural drought in Brazil: An assessment based on crop yield impacts","volume":"174","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, G., Zheng, H., and Lei, Z. (2017). Applicability analysis of SPEI for drought research in Northeast China. Acta Ecol. Sin., 37.","DOI":"10.5846\/stxb201604160706"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(02)00106-5","article-title":"On approaches and applications of the Wageningen crop models","volume":"18","author":"Leffelaar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/17\/1960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:12:40Z","timestamp":1760188360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/17\/1960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11171960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11171960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]}}}