{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:13:17Z","timestamp":1768515197093,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Maryland &amp; Smithsonian Seed Grant","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migration is a valuable life history strategy for many species because it enables individuals to exploit spatially and temporally variable resources. Globally, the prevalence of species\u2019 migratory behavior is decreasing as individuals forgo migration to remain resident year-round, an effect hypothesized to result from anthropogenic changes to landscape dynamics. Efforts to conserve and restore migrations require an understanding of the ecological characteristics driving the behavioral tradeoff between migration and residence. We identified migratory and resident behaviors of 42 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) based on GPS locations and correlated their locations to remotely sensed indicators of forage quality, land cover, snow cover, and human land use. The model classified mule deer seasonal migratory and resident niches with an overall accuracy of 97.8% and cross-validated accuracy of 81.2%. The distance to development was the most important variable in discriminating in which environments these behaviors occur, with resident niche space most often closer to developed areas than migratory niches. Additionally, snow cover in December was important for discriminating summer migratory niches. This approach demonstrates the utility of niche analysis based on remotely sensed environmental datasets and provides empirical evidence of human land use impacts on large-scale wildlife migrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11171980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"1980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Environmental Differences between Migratory and Resident Ungulates\u2014Predicting Movement Strategies in Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with Remotely Sensed Plant Phenology, Snow, and Land Cover"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Robb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 27109, USA"},{"name":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiongyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 27109, USA"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"terraPulse, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Leimgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 27109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1086\/284822","article-title":"Why are migratory ungulates so abundant?","volume":"131","author":"Fryxell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. 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