{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T18:26:30Z","timestamp":1769279190886,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFE0111400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0111400"]}]},{"name":"the National Major Research High Resolution Sea Ice Model Development Program of China","award":["2018YFA0605900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41876213, 51639003, 51579028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41876213, 51639003, 51579028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the High Technology of Ship Research Project of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","award":["350631009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["350631009"]}]},{"name":"the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talent","award":["BX20190051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20190051"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"the Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["325363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) has been studied extensively using passive microwave (PM) remote sensing. This technology could be used to improve navigation along vessel cruise paths; however, investigations on this topic have been limited. In this study, shipborne photographic observation (P-OBS) of sea ice was conducted using oblique-oriented cameras during the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summer of 2016. SIC and the areal fractions of open water, melt ponds, and sea ice (Aw, Ap, and Ai, respectively) were determined along the cruise path. The distribution of SIC along the cruise path was U-shaped, and open water accounted for a large proportion of the path. The SIC derived from the commonly used PM algorithms was compared with the moving average (MA) P-OBS SIC, including Bootstrap and NASA Team (NT) algorithms based on Special Sensor Microwave Imager\/Sounder (SSMIS) data; and ARTIST sea ice, Bootstrap, Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative, and NASA Team 2 (NT2) algorithms based on Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) data. P-OBS performed better than PM remote sensing at detecting low SIC (&lt; 10%). Our results indicate that PM SIC overestimates MA P-OBS SIC at low SIC, but underestimates it when SIC exceeds a turnover point (TP). The presence of melt ponds affected the accuracy of the PM SIC; the PM SIC shifted from an overestimate to an underestimate with increasing Ap, compared with MA P-OBS SIC below the TP, while the underestimation increased above the TP. The PM algorithms were then ranked; SSMIS-NT and AMSR2-NT2 are the best and worst choices for Arctic navigation, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T10:54:53Z","timestamp":1566816893000},"page":"2009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of Passive Microwave Data with Shipborne Photographic Observations of Summer Sea Ice Concentration along an Arctic Cruise Path"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Yongheng","family":"Zu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Lepp\u00e4ranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Guiyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Naval Architecture, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060369","article-title":"Evidence of Arctic sea ice thinning from direct observations","volume":"41","author":"Renner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. 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