{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:45:25Z","timestamp":1760240725276,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sensing depth of passive microwave remote sensing is a significant factor in quantitative frozen soil studies. In this paper, a microwave radiation response depth (MRRD) was proposed to describe the source of the main signals of passive microwave remote sensing. The main goal of this research was to develop a simple and accurate parameterized model for estimating the MRRD of frozen soil. A theoretical model was introduced first to describe the emission characteristics of a three-layer case, which incorporates multiple reflections at the two boundaries. Based on radiative transfer theory, the total emission of the three layers was calculated. A sensitivity analysis was then performed to demonstrate the effects of soil properties and frequency on the MRRD based on a simulation database comprising a wide range of soil characteristics and frequencies. Sensitivity analysis indicated that soil temperature, soil texture, and frequencies are three of the primary variables affecting MRRD, and a definite empirical relationship existed between the three parameters and the MRRD. Thus, a parameterized model for estimating MRRD was developed based on the sensitivity analysis results. A controlled field experiment using a truck-mounted multi-frequency microwave radiometer (TMMR) was designed and performed to validate the emission model of the soil freeze\u2013thaw cycle and the parameterized model of MRRD developed in this work. The results indicated that the developed parameterized model offers a relatively accurate and simple way of estimating the MRRD. The total root mean square error (RMSE) between the calculated and measured MRRD of frozen loam soil was approximately 0.5 cm for the TMMR\u2019s four frequencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1566991398000},"page":"2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of a Parameterized Model to Estimate Microwave Radiation Response Depth of Frozen Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8295-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linna","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Beijing City University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-0680-2-2","article-title":"Influence of freeze-thaw events on carbon dioxide emission from soils at different moisture and land use","volume":"2","author":"Kurganova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon Balance Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2009.12.006","article-title":"Effects of permafrost degradation on ecosystems","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ecologica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.04.006","article-title":"Dynamics of greenhouse gas formation in relation to freeze\/thaw soil depth in a flooded peat marsh of Northeast China","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Biol. 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