{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:45:32Z","timestamp":1773445532371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid development of remote sensing technology has promoted the generation of different vegetation index products, resulting in substantive accomplishment in comprehensive economic development and monitoring of natural environmental changes. The results of scientific experiments based on various vegetation index products are also different with the variation of time and space. In this work, the consistency characteristics among three global normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) products, namely, GIMMS3g NDVI, MOD13A3 NDVI, and SPOT-VGT NDVI, are intercompared and validated based on Landsat 8 NDVI at biome and regional scale over the Mongolian Plateau (MP) from 2000 to 2014 by decomposing time series datasets. The agreement coefficient (AC) and statistical scores such as Pearson correlation coefficient, root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and standard deviation (STD) are used to evaluate the consistency between three NDVI datasets. Intercomparison results reveal that GIMMS3g NDVI has the highest values basically over the MP, while SPOT-VGT NDVI has the lowest values. The spatial distribution of AC values between various NDVI products indicates that the three NDVI datasets are highly consistent with each other in the northern regions of the MP, and MOD13A3 NDVI and SPOT-VGT NDVI have better consistency in expressing vegetation cover and change trends due to the highest proportions of pixels with AC values greater than 0.6. However, the trend components of decomposed NDVI sequences show that SPOT-VGT NDVI values are about 0.02 lower than the other two datasets in the whole variation periods. The zonal characteristics show that GIMMS3g NDVI in January 2013 is significantly higher than those of the other two datasets. However, in July 2013, the three datasets are remarkably consistent because of the greater vegetation coverage. Consistency validation results show that values of SPOT-VGT NDVI agree more with Landsat 8 NDVI than GIMMS3g NDVI and MOD13A3 NDVI, and the consistencies in the northeast of the MP are higher than northwest regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T11:26:22Z","timestamp":1567077982000},"page":"2030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Intercomparison of AVHRR GIMMS3g, Terra MODIS, and SPOT-VGT NDVI Products over the Mongolian Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqing","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5087-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/30460","article-title":"Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change","volume":"393","author":"Cao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-007-0369-2","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between NDVI and LAI in semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia using in-situ measurements","volume":"95","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-5871.2008.00557.x","article-title":"MODIS\u2014Derived NDVI characterisation of drought\u2014Induced evergreen dieoff in Western North America","volume":"47","author":"Yuhas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation fraction in the upper basin of Miyun Reservoir by remote sensing","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259509532298","article-title":"A review of vegetation indices","volume":"13","author":"Bannari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"71","article-title":"Vegetation Index and Its Advances","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Arid Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"267","article-title":"A Study of Ecological Environment in Heihe Valley Area through Meteorology Satellite Monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00011-1","article-title":"Assessment of climate impact on vegetation dynamics by using remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Roerink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.699201","article-title":"MODIS-based change vector analysis for assessing wetland dynamics in Southern Africa","volume":"4","author":"Landmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1109\/36.58983","article-title":"Using spatial context in satellite data to infer regional scale evapotranspiration","volume":"28","author":"Price","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259409532220","article-title":"A Method to Make Use of Thermal Infrared Temperature and NDVI measurements to Infer Surface Soil Water Content and Fractional Vegetation Cover","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2005.03.007","article-title":"Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981\u20132003","volume":"63","author":"Anyamba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<1154:GSAOVP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global-Scale Assessment of Vegetation Phenology Using NOAA\/AVHRR Satellite Measurements","volume":"10","author":"Moulin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"109","article-title":"Mapping crop key phenological stages in the North China Plain using NOAA time series images","volume":"4","author":"Xin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.903044","article-title":"Extracting Phenological Signals from Multiyear AVHRR NDVI Time Series: Framework for Applying High-Order Annual Splines with Roughness Damping","volume":"45","author":"Hermance","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.03.007","article-title":"QPhenoMetrics: An open source software application to assess vegetation phenology metrics","volume":"148","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000056","article-title":"Determining the growing season of land vegetation on the basis of plant phenology and satellite data in Northern China","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.08.002","article-title":"A curve fitting procedure to derive inter-annual phenologies from time series of noisy satellite NDVI data","volume":"106","author":"Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014633","article-title":"Browning in desert boundaries in Asia in recent decades","volume":"116","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"345","article-title":"Spatial change analysis using temporal remote sensing and ancillary data for desertification change detection","volume":"5239","author":"Waweru","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Saito, H., Sawada, Y., Furuya, N., and Preap, S. (2007). Land Cover Change Mapping of the Mekong River Basin Using NOAA Pathfinder AVHRR 8-km Land Dataset, Springer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.009","article-title":"Classifying multiyear agricultural land use data from Mato Grosso using time-series MODIS vegetation index data","volume":"130","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00088-1","article-title":"Fuzzy Neural Network Classification of Global Land Cover from a 1\u00b0 AVHRR Data Set","volume":"67","author":"Gopal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00075-3","article-title":"Pasture Land Cover in Eastern Australia from NOAA-AVHRR NDVI and Classified Landsat TM","volume":"67","author":"Hill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110115816","article-title":"An integrative classification of vegetation in China based on NOAA AVHRR and vegetation-climate indices of the Holdridge life zone","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"312","article-title":"The Vegetation Resilience after Fire (VRAF) index: Development, implementation and an illustration from central Italy","volume":"10","author":"Bisson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210153129","article-title":"Assessment of different spectral indices in the red-near-infrared spectral domain for burned land discrimination","volume":"23","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701281072","article-title":"Fire severity assessment by using NBR (Normalized Burn Ratio) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) derived from LANDSAT TM\/ETM images","volume":"29","author":"Escuin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035033","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/035033","article-title":"Vegetation response to extreme climate events on the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2010","volume":"8","author":"John","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.3390\/s7112636","article-title":"Sensitivity of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Topographic Effects: A Case Study in High-density Cypress Forest","volume":"7","author":"Bunkei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.006","article-title":"Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band","volume":"112","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115","article-title":"NDVI-based vegetation dynamics and its response to climate changes at Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin from 1982 to 2015","volume":"650","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.022","article-title":"Impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland vegetation variation in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"660","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.01.041","article-title":"NDVI saturation adjustment: A new approach for improving cropland performance estimates in the Greater Platte River Basin, USA","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"533","article-title":"Comparison of GIMMS and MODIS normalized vegetation index composite data for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Earth Observation based global long term vegetation trends- Comparing GIMMS and MODIS global NDVI time series","volume":"119","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"290","article-title":"Comparison of GIMMS, VGT and MODIS Vegetation Index Datasets in Eastern China","volume":"28","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.253","article-title":"Distinguishing the vegetation dynamics induced by anthropogenic factors using vegetation optical depth and AVHRR NDVI: A cross-border study on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.016","article-title":"Interannual covariability between actual evapotranspiration and PAL and GIMMS NDVIs of northern Asia","volume":"106","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70505471","article-title":"Land Degradation Assessment Using Residual Trend Analysis of GIMMS NDVI3g, Soil Moisture and Rainfall in Sub-Saharan West Africa from 1982 to 2012","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Change of NDVI and Its Climatic Driving Factors in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolis Circle from 2001 to 2013","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2693289","article-title":"Evaluation of the NDVI-Based Pixel Selection Criteria of the MODIS C6 Dark Target and Deep Blue Combined Aerosol Product","volume":"10","author":"Bilal","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3582-1","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and factor analysis in arid and semi-arid Inner Mongolia","volume":"73","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3518454","article-title":"Using SPOT-VGT NDVI as a successive ecological indicator for understanding the environmental implications in the Tarim River Basin, China","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.903437","article-title":"Extracting grassland vegetation phenology in North China based on cumulative SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI data","volume":"35","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.012","article-title":"Global evaluation of four AVHRR-NDVI data sets: Intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery","volume":"115","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.014","article-title":"Multi-platform comparisons of MODIS and AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index data","volume":"99","author":"Gallo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends\u2014Intercomparing NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS, Terra MODIS and SPOT VGT data","volume":"113","author":"Fensholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparison and validation of GIMMS, SPOT-VGT and MODIS global NDVI products in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province, northwestern China","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Beijing For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"613","article-title":"Vegetation Cover Changes in Mongolian Plateau and Its Response to Seasonal Climate Changes in Recent 10 Years","volume":"33","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"171","article-title":"Comparative studies on climate changes and influencing factors in central Mongolian Plateau Region","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Shi, H., Wang, X., and Meng, F. (2012). Study on the temporal and spatial dynamic changes of land use and driving forces analysis of Mongolia Plateau in recent 30 years. Acta Agric. Zhejiangensis, 24."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.054","article-title":"Assessing global surface water inundation dynamics using combined satellite information from SMAP, AMSR2 and Landsat","volume":"213","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, August 28). GLOBCOVER 2009: Products Description and Validation Report. Available online: http:\/\/due.esrin.esa.int\/files\/GLOBCOVER2009_Validation_Report_2.2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"389","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of wetland categories from the GlobCover2009 data over China","volume":"10","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wetl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.001","article-title":"Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research","volume":"145","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Freden, S.C., Mercanti, E.P., and Becker, M.A. (1974). Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, University of California Libraries."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"823","article-title":"An Agreement Coefficient for Image Comparison","volume":"73","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38337-1","article-title":"A comparison of different GRACE solutions in terrestrial water storage trend estimation over Tibetan Plateau","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.06.016","article-title":"Estimation of GRACE Water Storage Components by Temporal Decomposition","volume":"552","author":"Andrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.022","article-title":"Near real-time disturbance detection using satellite image time series","volume":"123","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"559","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Drought in the Belt and Road Area During 1998\u20132015 Based on TRMM Precipitation Data","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00054-3","article-title":"Decomposition of vegetation cover into woody and herbaceous components using AVHRR NDVI time series","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1946). The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Charles Griffin and Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"918","article-title":"Spatial-temporal Changes of Vegetation Cover in Mongolian Plateau during 1982\u20142006","volume":"33","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00110-7","article-title":"Mapping vegetation spatial patterns from modeled water, temperature and solar radiation gradients","volume":"57","author":"Dymond","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"12","article-title":"The characteristic of vegetation vertical zonality and the influential factors in typical mountains in China","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.05.003","article-title":"Monitoring spring canopy phenology of a deciduous broadleaf forest using MODIS","volume":"104","author":"Ahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.015","article-title":"Spring green-up date derived from GIMMS3g and SPOT-VGT NDVI of winter wheat cropland in the North China Plain","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.004","article-title":"Characteristics of Landsat 8 OLI-derived NDVI by comparison with multiple satellite sensors and in-situ observations","volume":"164","author":"Ke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-025","article-title":"Spectral band difference effects on vegetation indices derived from multiple satellite sensor data","volume":"34","author":"Teillet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3390\/s8042833","article-title":"Alpine Grassland Phenology as Seen in AVHRR, VEGETATION, and MODIS NDVI Time Series\u2014A Comparison with in Situ Measurements","volume":"8","author":"Fontana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.031","article-title":"Evaluating temporal consistency of long-term global NDVI datasets for trend analysis","volume":"163","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.015","article-title":"The effect of the temporal resolution of NDVI data on season onset dates and trends across Canadian broadleaf forests","volume":"115","author":"Kross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071828","article-title":"Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect","volume":"296","author":"Lucht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/17\/2030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:14:52Z","timestamp":1760188492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/17\/2030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11172030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11172030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]}}}