{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T16:37:55Z","timestamp":1764002275142,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-77-30019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-77-30019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A first-ever spatially detailed record of ice cover conditions in the Curonian Lagoon (CL), Europe\u2019s largest coastal lagoon located in the southeastern Baltic Sea, is presented. The multi-mission synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements acquired in 2002\u20132017 by Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-2, Sentinel-1 A\/B, and supplemented by the cloud-free moderate imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, are used to document the ice cover properties in the CL. As shown, satellite observations reveal a better performance over in situ records in defining the key stages of ice formation and decay in the CL. Using advantages of both data sources, an updated ice season duration (ISD) record is obtained to adequately describe the ice cover season in the CL. High-resolution ISD maps provide important spatial details of ice growth and decay in the CL. As found, ice cover resides longest in the south-eastern CL and along the eastern coast, including the Nemunas Delta, while the shortest ice season is observed in the northern CL. During the melting season, the ice melt pattern is clearly shaped by the direction of prevailing winds, and ice drift velocities obtained from a limited number of observations range within 0.03\u20130.14 m\/s. The pronounced shortening of the ice season duration in the CL is observed at a rate of 1.6\u20132.3 days year\u20121 during 2002\u20132017, which is much higher than reported for the nearby Baltic Sea regions. While the timing of the freeze onset and full freezing has not changed much, the dates of the final melt onset and last observation of ice have a clear decreasing pattern toward an earlier ice break-up and complete melt-off due to an increase of air temperature strongly linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Notably, the correlation between the ISD, air temperature, and winter NAO index is substantially higher when considering the lagoon-averaged ISD values derived from satellite observations compared to those derived from coastal records. The latter clearly demonstrated the richness of the satellite observations that should definitely be exploited in regional ice monitoring programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T03:06:14Z","timestamp":1567479974000},"page":"2059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Remote Sensing of Ice Phenology and Dynamics of Europe\u2019s Largest Coastal Lagoon (The Curonian Lagoon)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rasa","family":"Idzelyt\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Universiteto ave. 17, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor E.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Universiteto ave. 17, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"},{"name":"Satellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Malookhtinsky Prosp., 98, 195196 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Natural Sciences Department, Klaipeda University, Herkaus Manto str. 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Umgiesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Universiteto ave. 17, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania"},{"name":"ISMAR-CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, Arsenale\u2014Tesa 104, Castello 2737\/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belchansky, G.I. 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