{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T15:13:17Z","timestamp":1775574797708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible (VIS) bands, such as the 0.675 \u03bcm band in geostationary satellite remote sensing, have played an important role in monitoring and analyzing weather and climate change during the past few decades with coarse spatial and high temporal resolution. Recently, many deep learning techniques have been developed and applied in a variety of applications and research fields. In this study, we developed a deep-learning-based model to generate non-existent nighttime VIS satellite images using the Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets (CGAN) technique. For our CGAN-based model training and validation, we used the daytime image data sets of reflectance in the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite \/ Meteorological Imager (COMS\/MI) VIS (0.675 \u03bcm) band and radiance in the longwave infrared (10.8 \u03bcm) band of the COMS\/MI sensor over five years (2012 to 2017). Our results show high accuracy (bias = \u22122.41 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 36.85 during summer, bias = \u22120.21 and RMSE = 33.02 during winter) and correlation (correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.88 during summer, CC = 0.89 during winter) of values between the observed images and the CGAN-generated images for the COMS VIS band. Consequently, our CGAN-based model can be effectively used in a variety of meteorological applications, such as cloud, fog, and typhoon analyses during daytime and nighttime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1567998881000},"page":"2087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Nighttime Reflectance Generation in the Visible Band of Satellites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kimoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy, and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Jae","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunsu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyungin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"},{"name":"InSpace Co., Ltd., Daejeon 305-343, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yerin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy, and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungwook","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy, and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, J.R. (1996). Evolution of satellite observation in the United States and their use in meteorology. Proceedings of the Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919\u20131995, American Meteorological Society.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-940033-84-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-7-Schmetz-1","article-title":"Supplement to an introduction to Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)","volume":"83","author":"Schmetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, June 20). Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS), 2007. CGMS global contingency plan, WMO Space Programme. 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Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1709.01703.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-1620"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:17:29Z","timestamp":1760188649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11182087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11182087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]}}}