{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:48:33Z","timestamp":1770839313610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51622903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51622903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51622907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51622907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Program from the State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering of China","award":["2017-KY-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-KY-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation shows a greening trend on the global scale in the past decades, which has an important effect on the hydrological cycle, and thus quantitative interpretation of the causes for vegetation change is of great benefit to understanding changes in ecology, climate, and hydrology. Although the Donohue13 model, a simple conceptual model based on gas exchange theory, provides an effective tool to interpret the greening trend, it cannot be used to evaluate the impact from land use and land cover change (LULCC) on the regional scale, whose importance to vegetation change has been demonstrated in a large number of studies. Hence, we have improved the Donohue13 model by taking into account the change in vegetation cover ratio due to LULCC, and applied this model to the Yarkand Oasis in the arid region of northwest China. The estimated change trend in leaf area index (LAI) is 1.20%\/year from 2001 to 2017, which accounts for approximately half of the observed (2.31%\/year) by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). Regarding the causes for vegetation greening, the contributions of: (1) LULCC; (2) atmospheric CO2 concentration; and (3) vapor pressure deficit were: (1) 88.3%; (2) 40.0%; and (3) \u221228.3%, respectively, which reveals that the largest contribution was from LULCC, which is probably driven by increased total water availability in whole oasis with a constant transpiration in vegetation area. The improved Donohue13 model, a simple but physics-based model, can partially explain the impact of factors related to climate change and anthropogenic activity on vegetation change in arid regions. It can be further combined with the Budyko hypothesis to establish a framework for quantifying the changes in coupled response of vegetation and hydrological processes to environment changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:52:26Z","timestamp":1568112746000},"page":"2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Improved Conceptual Model Quantifying the Effect of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Vegetation Change in Arid Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sien","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014425108","article-title":"Spring temperature change and its implication in the change of vegetation growth in North America from 1982 to 2006","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01286","article-title":"A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems","volume":"421","author":"Parmesan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1836","article-title":"Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Overview of the research status in interaction between hydrological processes and vegetation in catchment (in Chinese)","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shuili Xuebao(J. Hydraul. Eng.)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piao, S., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Zhou, L., and Chen, A. (2006). Effect of climate and CO2 changes on the greening of the Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028205"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20027","article-title":"Analysis of trends in fused AVHRR and MODIS NDVI data for 1982-2006: Indication for a CO2 fertilization effect in global vegetation","volume":"27","author":"Los","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071828","article-title":"Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect","volume":"296","author":"Lucht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031484","article-title":"Global Latitudinal-Asymmetric Vegetation Growth Trends and Their Driving Mechanisms: 1982\u20132009","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Basel."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3004","article-title":"Greening of the Earth and its drivers","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.012","article-title":"Global evaluation of four AVHRR\u2013NDVI data sets: Intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery","volume":"115","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50563","article-title":"Impact of CO2 fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe\u2019s warm, arid environments","volume":"40","author":"Donohue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01746.x","article-title":"Climate-related trends in Australian vegetation cover as inferred from satellite observations, 1981\u20132006","volume":"15","author":"Donohue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506179102","article-title":"Satellite-Observed Photosynthetic Trends across Boreal North America Associated with Climate and Fire Disturbance","volume":"102","author":"Goetz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3085","article-title":"Quantifying the effects of human activities and climate variability on vegetation cover change in a hyper-arid endorheic basin","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146961","article-title":"Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon","volume":"319","author":"Malhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-3499-2014","article-title":"Attribution of satellite-observed vegetation trends in a hyper-arid region of the Heihe River basin, Western China","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2284","article-title":"Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation","volume":"7","author":"Reich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2045","article-title":"Elevated CO2 as a driver of global dryland greening","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.-UK"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1694","article-title":"Decade-long soil nitrogen constraint on the CO2 fertilization of plant biomass","volume":"3","author":"Reich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-0003-x","article-title":"Impacts of climate warming on vegetation in Qaidam Area from 1990 to 2003","volume":"144","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00011-1","article-title":"Assessment of climate impact on vegetation dynamics by using remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Roerink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1255","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and their response to hydroclimatic factors in the Tarim River Basin, China","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/2\/024008","article-title":"Drought-induced vegetation stress in southwestern North America","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.017","article-title":"Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981\u20132007\u2014An Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers","volume":"121","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.011","article-title":"Re-greening Sahel: 30years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger)","volume":"140","author":"Dardel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2011.02.002","article-title":"Can a 25-year trend in Soudano-Sahelian vegetation dynamics be interpreted in terms of land use change? A remote sensing approach","volume":"21","author":"Vintrou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032408","article-title":"Local Vegetation Trends in the Sahel of Mali and Senegal Using Long Time Series FAPAR Satellite Products and Field Measurement (1982\u20132010)","volume":"6","author":"Brandt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens.-Basel"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/282424a0","article-title":"Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity","volume":"282","author":"Wong","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9870619","article-title":"Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Trees in a Eucalypt Forest Stand: C02, Light and Humidity Responses","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"1987","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/363439a0","article-title":"Vegetation effects on the isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric C02","volume":"363","author":"Farquhar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02375.x","article-title":"Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance","volume":"17","author":"Medlyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00054-3","article-title":"Decomposition of vegetation cover into woody and herbaceous components using AVHRR NDVI time series","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JG003505","article-title":"A simple hypothesis of how leaf and canopy-level transpiration and assimilation respond to elevated CO2 reveals distinct response patterns between disturbed and undisturbed vegetation","volume":"122","author":"Donohue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1999.00269.x","article-title":"Toward an allocation scheme for global terrestrial carbon models","volume":"5","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"216","article-title":"The Relationship Between Oases and Water Resources in Tarim Basin","volume":"23","author":"Dilbar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Xinjiang Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) (Chin.)"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"8","article-title":"Study on Dynamic Variation of Water-salt in Salinized Irrigation Area of Xinjiang Yerqiang River","volume":"28","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Shandong Univ. Sci. Technol. (Chin.)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.08.022","article-title":"Progress in the study of oasis-desert interactions","volume":"230\u2013231","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-012-0606-9","article-title":"The nonlinear hydro-climatic process in the Yarkand River, northwestern China","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and T, P. (2015). MOD15A2H MODIS\/Terra Leaf Area Index\/FPAR 8-Day L4 Global 500m SIN Grid V006 [Data set], NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Friedl, M., Gray, J., and Sulla-Menashe, D. (2019). MCD12Q2 MODIS\/Terra+Aqua Land Cover Dynamics Yearly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006 [Data set], NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002","article-title":"NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China","volume":"16","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration\u2014Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements-FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1973.tb01003.x","article-title":"Analytic delineation of Thiessen polygons","volume":"5","author":"Rhynsburger","year":"1973","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Lei, Z., Yang, S., Cong, Z., Ni, G., Yang, H., Huang, Y., Liu, Z., Yang, H., Li, P., and Li, Z. (2006). Research Report on Water Consumption in Yarkand Oasis (in Chinese), Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Johnson, A.I. (1967). Specific yield: Compilation of specific yields for various materials, Water Supply Paper."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"58","article-title":"Analysis of groundwater table depth changes in Yarkant plain oasis in recent 20 years and their causes","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydroelectr. Eng. (Chin.)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072235","article-title":"Revisiting the contribution of transpiration to global terrestrial evapotranspiration","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6753","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061439","article-title":"Global synthesis of vegetation control on evapotranspiration partitioning","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Nonparametric tests against trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometr. J. Econometr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Seber, G.A., and Lee, A.J. (2012). Linear Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.05.036","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to recent climate change in Xinjiang using leaf area index as an indicator","volume":"58","author":"Guli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2011.05.007","article-title":"Changing climate affects vegetation growth in the arid region of the northwestern China","volume":"75","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, K., Park, T., Yan, G., Liu, Z., Yang, B., Chen, C., Nemani, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Myneni, R. (2016). Evaluation of MODIS LAI\/FPAR Product Collection 6. Part 2: Validation and Intercomparison. Remote Sens.-Basel, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060460"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., and Lau, N.C. (2019). Urban expansion and drying climate in an urban agglomeration of east China. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082736"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.06.030","article-title":"Ecosystem water use efficiency in an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain","volume":"374","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509478102","article-title":"Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity","volume":"102","author":"Norby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144647","article-title":"Ecological Lessons from Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Experiments","volume":"42","author":"Norby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12830","article-title":"Response of wheat growth, grain yield and water use to elevated CO2 under a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment and modelling in a semi-arid environment","volume":"21","author":"Christy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.09.010","article-title":"Energy balance and water use efficiency of rice canopies under free-air CO2 enrichment","volume":"133","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12961","article-title":"Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.048","article-title":"Use of remote sensing indicators to assess effects of drought and human-induced land degradation on ecosystem health in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"213","author":"Mariano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL046824","article-title":"Widespread decline in greenness of Amazonian vegetation due to the 2010 drought","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.06.042","article-title":"Identification of the effective water availability from streamflows in the Zerafshan river basin, Central Asia","volume":"390","author":"Olsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR016716","article-title":"Attribution of streamflow trends in snow and glacier melt-dominated catchments of the Tarim River, Central Asia","volume":"51","author":"Duethmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0114.1","article-title":"Attribution of Runoff Decline in the Amu Darya River in Central Asia during 1951\u20132007","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7194","article-title":"Detection of changes in glacial run-off in alpine basins: examples from North America, the Alps, central Asia and the Andes","volume":"23","author":"Casassa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.01.057","article-title":"Effects of projected climate change on the glacier and runoff generation in the Naryn River Basin, Central Asia","volume":"523","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, B., Yang, D., Jiao, K., Han, T., Jin, Z., Yang, H., and Li, Z. (2005). The Urumqi River source Glacier No. 1, Tianshan, China: Changes over the past 45 years. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024178"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-004-7808-2","article-title":"Production of Perennial Vegetation in an Oasis-desert Transition Zone in NW China - Allometric Estimation, and Assessment of Flooding and Use Effects","volume":"181","author":"Gries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1470","article-title":"Analysis on water consumption in oases of the Tarim Basin","volume":"37","author":"Lei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng. (Chin.)"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Ouyang, Z., Xie, X., Guo, H., Tan, D., Xiao, X., Qi, J., and Zhao, B. (2016). Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation Growth in Arid Northwest of China from 1982 to 2011. Remote Sens.-Basel, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050364"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JF002931","article-title":"Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change","volume":"119","author":"Bliss","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys.l Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1592","article-title":"Climate change impacts on glaciers and runoff in Tien Shan (Central Asia)","volume":"2","author":"Sorg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.05.015","article-title":"Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability? A case study in South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Wessels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.014","article-title":"Drought and spring cooling induced recent decrease in vegetation growth in Inner Asia","volume":"178\u2013179","author":"Mohammat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001389","article-title":"Comment on \u201cVariations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981-1999\u201d by L. Zhou et al","volume":"107","author":"Ahlbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605036113","article-title":"Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO2","volume":"113","author":"Fatichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(01)00006-9","article-title":"Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress: I. Scope and general outline","volume":"24","author":"Porporato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Budyko, M.I., Miller, D.H., and Miller, D.H. (1974). Climate and Life, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Yang, D., Lei, Z., and Sun, F. (2008). New analytical derivation of the mean annual water-energy balance equation. Water Resour. Res., 44.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006135"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., and Yang, D. (2011). Derivation of climate elasticity of runoff to assess the effects of climate change on annual runoff. Water Resour. Res., 47.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR009287"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-2233-2017","article-title":"Historical and future trends in wetting and drying in 291 catchments across China","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066952","article-title":"Quantifying the effect of vegetation change on the regional water balance within the Budyko framework","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR022028","article-title":"An Analytical Solution for the Impact of Vegetation Changes on Hydrological Partitioning Within the Budyko Framework","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:18:33Z","timestamp":1760188713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11182110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11182110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]}}}