{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:32:10Z","timestamp":1782844330179,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 03F0654A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 03F0654A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time-variable gravity field models derived from observations of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, whose science operations phase ended in June 2017 after more than 15 years, enabled a multitude of studies of Earth\u2019s surface mass transport processes and climate change. The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), routinely processing such monthly gravity fields as part of the GRACE Science Data System, has reprocessed the complete GRACE mission and released an improved GFZ GRACE RL06 monthly gravity field time series. This study provides an insight into the processing strategy of GFZ RL06 which has been considerably changed with respect to previous GFZ GRACE releases, and modifications relative to the precursor GFZ RL05a are described. The quality of the RL06 gravity field models is analyzed and discussed both in the spectral and spatial domain in comparison to the RL05a time series. All results indicate significant improvements of about 40% in terms of reduced noise. It is also shown that the GFZ RL06 time series is a step forward in terms of consistency, and that errors of the gravity field coefficients are more realistic. These findings are confirmed as well by independent validation of the monthly GRACE models, as done in this work by means of ocean bottom pressure in situ observations and orbit tests with the GOCE satellite. Thus, the GFZ GRACE RL06 time series allows for a better quantification of mass changes in the Earth system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T11:26:34Z","timestamp":1568201194000},"page":"2116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["The GFZ GRACE RL06 Monthly Gravity Field Time Series: Processing Details and Quality Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-9242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Dahle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4108-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Murb\u00f6ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Flechtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henryk","family":"Dobslaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1925-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Neumayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1463-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Abrykosov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Sulzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 12165 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"F\u00f6rste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1: Geodesy, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0123-1","article-title":"Emerging trends in global freshwater availability","volume":"557","author":"Rodell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8026","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069538","article-title":"Mapping probabilities of extreme continental water storage changes from space gravimetry","volume":"43","author":"Kusche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. 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