{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:42:20Z","timestamp":1781876540693,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid 21st century urbanization combined with anthropogenic climate warming are significantly increasing heat-related health threats in cities worldwide. In Los Angeles (LA), increasing trends in extreme heat are expected to intensify and exacerbate the urban heat island effect, leading to greater health risks for vulnerable populations. Partnerships between city policymakers and scientists are becoming more important as the need to provide data-driven recommendations for sustainability and mitigation efforts becomes critical. Here we present a model to produce heat vulnerability index (HVI) maps driven by surface temperature data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration\u2019s (NASA) new Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) thermal infrared sensor. ECOSTRESS was launched in June 2018 with the capability to image fine-scale urban temperatures at a 70 m resolution throughout different times of the day and night. The HVI model further includes information on socio-demographic data, green vegetation abundance, and historical heatwave temperatures from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the Aqua spacecraft since 2002. During a period of high heat in July 2018, we identified the five most vulnerable communities at a sub-city block scale in the LA region. The persistence of high HVI throughout the day and night in these areas indicates a clear and urgent need for implementing cooling technologies and green infrastructure to curb future warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T10:32:41Z","timestamp":1568370761000},"page":"2136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["New ECOSTRESS and MODIS Land Surface Temperature Data Reveal Fine-Scale Heat Vulnerability in Cities: A Case Study for Los Angeles County, California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glynn","family":"Hulley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Shivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3114-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Wetherley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Cudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Environment &amp; Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L20714","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053361","article-title":"Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells","volume":"39","author":"Perkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002313","article-title":"Heat Waves in the United States: Mortality Risk during Heat Waves and Effect Modification by Heat Wave Characteristics in 43 U.S. Communities","volume":"119","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3322","article-title":"Global risk of deadly heat","volume":"7","author":"Mora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, United Nations. Working paper no. Esa\/p\/wp.241."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"IPCC (2007). The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(00)00089-X","article-title":"Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas","volume":"70","author":"Akbari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-009-0256-x","article-title":"The urban heat island and its impact on heat waves and human health in Shanghai","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(01)00264-0","article-title":"Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants","volume":"116","author":"Akbari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"CDC (2019, September 12). Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events 2013, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/climateandhealth\/pubs\/ClimateChangeandExtremeHeatEvents.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6181","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2465.1","article-title":"The Great 2006 Heat Wave over California and Nevada: Signal of an Increasing Trend","volume":"22","author":"Gershunov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hulley, G.C., Dousset, B., and Kahn, B. (2019). Compounding risk factors affecting heatwave severity in Southern California urban regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in review."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707220","article-title":"The Construction and Validation of the Heat Vulnerability Index, a Review","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.08.004","article-title":"Using Principal Component Analysis for information-rich socio-ecological vulnerability mapping in Southern Africa","volume":"35","author":"Abson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103766","article-title":"Evaluation of a Heat Vulnerability Index on Abnormally Hot Days: An Environmental Public Health Tracking Study","volume":"120","author":"Reid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11303","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03127","article-title":"A Heat Vulnerability Index and Adaptation Solutions for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","volume":"49","author":"Bradford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.03.005","article-title":"Identification of heat risk patterns in the U.S. National Capital Region by integrating heat stress and related vulnerability","volume":"56","author":"Aubrecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104625","article-title":"Neighborhood Effects on Heat Deaths: Social and Environmental Predictors of Vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona","volume":"121","author":"Harlan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16110","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215046","article-title":"A Spatial Framework to Map Heat Health Risks at Multiple Scales","volume":"12","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-38","article-title":"Mapping heatwave health risk at the community level for public health action","volume":"11","author":"Buscail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-57","article-title":"Socioeconomic indicators of heat-related health risk supplemented with remotely sensed data","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Heal. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., McManus, P., and Duncan, E. (2018). A Raster-Based Subdividing Indicator to Map Urban Heat Vulnerability: A Case Study in Sydney, Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112516"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1319-z","article-title":"A heat vulnerability index to improve urban public health management in San Juan, Puerto Rico","volume":"62","author":"Otis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-019-01491-x","article-title":"Zoning and weighting in urban heat island vulnerability and risk mapping in Helsinki, Finland","volume":"19","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-13-00014.1","article-title":"Performance Assessment of a Heat Wave Vulnerability Index for Greater London, United Kingdom","volume":"6","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Weather. Clim. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-42","article-title":"Including the urban heat island in spatial heat health risk assessment strategies: A case study for Birmingham, UK","volume":"10","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morabito, M., Crisci, A., Gioli, B., Gualtieri, G., Toscano, P., Di Stefano, V., Orlandini, S., and Gensini, G.F. (2015). Urban-Hazard Risk Analysis: Mapping of Heat-Related Risks in the Elderly in Major Italian Cities. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127277"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-018-0135-y","article-title":"Spatially explicit assessment of heat health risk by using multi-sensor remote sensing images and socioeconomic data in Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3354\/cr030071","article-title":"Assessing public health risk due to extremely high temperature events: Climate and social parameters","volume":"30","author":"Vescovi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.07.030","article-title":"Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress","volume":"63","author":"Harlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2502-z","article-title":"A spatio-temporal index for heat vulnerability assessment","volume":"184","author":"Kershaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04355","article-title":"Spatially Explicit Mapping of Heat Health Risk Utilizing Environmental and Socioeconomic Data","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP224","article-title":"Delineation of Spatial Variability in the Temperature\u2013Mortality Relationship on Extremely Hot Days in Greater Vancouver, Canada","volume":"125","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.062","article-title":"Assessing urban population vulnerability and environmental risks across an urban area during heatwaves\u2013Implications for health protection","volume":"610","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1372-8","article-title":"New climate and socio-economic scenarios for assessing global human health challenges due to heat risk","volume":"130","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.09.011","article-title":"The Heat Exposure Integrated Deprivation Index (HEIDI): A data-driven approach to quantifying neighborhood risk during extreme hot weather","volume":"109","author":"Krstic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4618","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00197.1","article-title":"A Hybrid Dynamical\u2013Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part II: End-of-Century Warming Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.051","article-title":"Megacity-scale analysis of urban vegetation temperatures","volume":"213","author":"Wetherley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"141","article-title":"Emissivity mapping over urban areas using a classification-based approach: Application to the Dual-use European Security IR Experiment (DESIREX)","volume":"18","author":"Sobrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-15-0276.1","article-title":"Remotely Sensed Land Skin Temperature as a Spatial Predictor of Air Temperature across the Conterminous United States","volume":"55","author":"Oyler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025318","article-title":"An in situ-based analysis of the relationship between land surface \u201cskin\u201d and screen-level air temperatures","volume":"121","author":"Good","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Hulley, G.C., and Ghent, D. (2019). Taking the Temperature of the Earth: Steps towards Integrated Understanding of Variability and Change, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1997)036<1117:CUST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Complete Urban Surface Temperatures","volume":"36","author":"Voogt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215784","article-title":"Effects of urban surface geometry on remotely-sensed surface temperature","volume":"19","author":"Voogt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s007040050044","article-title":"Radiometric Temperatures of Urban Canyon Walls obtained from Vehicle Traverses","volume":"60","author":"Voogt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mildrexler, D.J., Zhao, M., and Running, S.W. (2011). A global comparison between station air temperatures and MODIS land surface temperatures reveals the cooling role of forests. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001486"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4127","article-title":"Creating a topoclimatic daily air temperature dataset for the conterminous United States using homogenized station data and remotely sensed land skin temperature","volume":"35","author":"Oyler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.024","article-title":"Estimating air surface temperature in Portugal using MODIS LST data","volume":"124","author":"Benali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.024","article-title":"Predicting spatiotemporal mean air temperature using MODIS satellite surface temperature measurements across the Northeastern USA","volume":"150","author":"Kloog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7772","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077813","article-title":"Global Validation of MODIS Near-Surface Air and Dew Point Temperatures","volume":"45","author":"Famiglietti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.23953\/cloud.ijarsg.337","article-title":"Estimation of the Near-Surface Air Temperature during the Day and Nighttime from MODIS in Berlin, Germany","volume":"7","author":"Marzban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Remote Sens. GIS"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.025","article-title":"Satellite air temperature estimation for monitoring the canopy layer heat island of Milan","volume":"127","author":"Pichierri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.10.022","article-title":"A new perspective to assess the urban heat island through remotely sensed atmospheric profiles","volume":"158","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023718","article-title":"Impact of remotely sensed albedo and vegetation fraction on simulation of urban climate in WRF-urban canopy model: A case study of the urban heat island in Los Angeles","volume":"121","author":"Vahmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.026","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature\/Emissivity products","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.018","article-title":"Intercomparison of versions 4, 4.1 and 5 of the MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity products and validation with laboratory measurements of sand samples from the Namib desert, Namibia","volume":"113","author":"Hulley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2611566","article-title":"A Physics-Based Algorithm for the Simultaneous Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity from VIIRS Thermal Infrared Data","volume":"55","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2063034","article-title":"Generating Consistent Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity Products Between ASTER and MODIS Data for Earth Science Research","volume":"49","author":"Hulley","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2824828","article-title":"An Operational Land Surface Temperature Product for Landsat Thermal Data: Methodology and Validation","volume":"56","author":"Malakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"522","article-title":"NASA\u2019s MODIS and VIIRS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity Products: A Consistent and High Quality Earth System Data Record","volume":"11","author":"Hulley","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.023","article-title":"A water vapor scaling model for improved land surface temperature and emissivity separation of MODIS thermal infrared data","volume":"182","author":"Malakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.007","article-title":"Land surface emissivity retrieval from airborne sensor over urban areas","volume":"123","author":"Sobrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.042","article-title":"Impact of spatial resolution and satellite overpass time on evaluation of the surface urban heat island effects","volume":"117","author":"Sobrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.10.007","article-title":"Hot playgrounds and children\u2019s health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA","volume":"146","author":"Vanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1493.1","article-title":"Ecosystem services and urban heat riskscape moderation: Water, green spaces, and social inequality in Phoenix, USA","volume":"21","author":"Jenerette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.008","article-title":"High-resolution urban thermal sharpener (HUTS)","volume":"115","author":"Dominguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009048","article-title":"Land surface temperature retrieval at high spatial and temporal resolutions over the southwestern United States","volume":"113","author":"Inamdar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.021","article-title":"Synergies between VSWIR and TIR data for the urban environment: An evaluation of the potential for the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) Decadal Survey mission","volume":"117","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sismanidis, P., Keramitsoglou, I., Kiranoudis, C.T., and Bechtel, B. (2016). Assessing the Capability of a Downscaled Urban Land Surface Temperature Time Series to Reproduce the Spatiotemporal Features of the Original Data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040274"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4103184","article-title":"Downscaling Land Surface Temperature in an Urban Area: A Case Study for Hamburg, Germany","volume":"4","author":"Bechtel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.003","article-title":"Downscaling MODIS images with area-to-point regression kriging","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granero-Belinchon, C., Michel, A., Lagouarde, J.-P., Sobrino, J.A., and Briottet, X. (2019). Multi-Resolution Study of Thermal Unmixing Techniques over Madrid Urban Area: Case Study of TRISHNA Mission. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101251"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700995","article-title":"A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images","volume":"36","author":"Gillespie","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"185","article-title":"The Potential Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Temperature-Related Morbidity and Mortality in the United States","volume":"109","author":"McGeehin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/030913338801200401","article-title":"The urban energy balance","volume":"12","author":"Oke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0922:HSIUAL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Heat Storage in Urban Areas: Local-Scale Observations and Evaluation of a Simple Model","volume":"38","author":"Grimmond","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00177-5","article-title":"Urban tree transpiration over turf and asphalt surfaces","volume":"32","author":"Kjelgren","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.02.055","article-title":"Global cooling updates: Reflective roofs and pavements","volume":"55","author":"Akbari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-008-9515-9","article-title":"Global cooling: Increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset CO2","volume":"94","author":"Akbari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1","article-title":"The energetic basis of the urban heat island","volume":"108","author":"Oke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0402-3","article-title":"Comparison of models calculating the sky view factor used for urban climate investigations","volume":"105","author":"Unger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Bureau, U.S.C. (2017). American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Census Reporter Profile Page, Available online: https:\/\/censusreporter.org\/profiles\/16000US0644000-los-angeles-ca\/."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052979","article-title":"California heat waves in the present and future","volume":"39","author":"Gershunov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3875-7","article-title":"California heat waves: Their spatial evolution, variation, and coastal modulation by low clouds","volume":"50","author":"Clemesha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/014021","article-title":"Connecting people and place: A new framework for reducing urban vulnerability to extreme heat","volume":"5","author":"Wilhelmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inostroza, L., Palme, M., and De La Barrera, F. (2016). A Heat Vulnerability Index: Spatial Patterns of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity for Santiago de Chile. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162464"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002","article-title":"Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards","volume":"84","author":"Cutter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2013.788479","article-title":"Understanding urban vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in the context of climate change","volume":"18","author":"Bulkeley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1231335100","article-title":"A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science","volume":"100","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinenberg, E. (2002). Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago, University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226026718.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920701744223","article-title":"Consumption, Inequity, and Environmental Justice: The Making of New Metropolitan Landscapes in Developing Countries","volume":"21","author":"Leichenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-16-0125.1","article-title":"Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat: Results from a Household Survey in Houston, Texas","volume":"9","author":"Hayden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Soc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-11-00010.1","article-title":"Differential Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat: A Phoenix, Arizona, Case Study","volume":"3","author":"Hayden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Hulley, G.C., and Dousset, B. (2019). Climatology and rising trends of extreme heat over Los Angeles observed from NASA MODIS land surface temperature data (MYD21). Remote Sens. Environ., in review."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"ECO2LSTEv001 (2019, September 12). ECOSTRESS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity Daily L2 Global 70 m, Available online: Https:\/\/lpdaac.Usgs.Gov\/products\/eco2lstev001\/."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.004327","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of asphalt road aging and deterioration: Implications for remote-sensing applications","volume":"44","author":"Herold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00083-4","article-title":"Special issue on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS): A new generation of land surface monitoring","volume":"83","author":"Justice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.027","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the collection-6 MODIS land-surface temperature\/emissivity product","volume":"140","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00383.1","article-title":"On the Measurement of Heat Waves","volume":"26","author":"Perkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120100227","article-title":"The Excess Heat Factor: A Metric for Heatwave Intensity and Its Use in Classifying Heatwave Severity","volume":"12","author":"Nairn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2019, September 12). Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Available online: https:\/\/sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Seirup, L., and Yetman, G. (2006). U.S. Census Grids (Summary File 3), 2000: Metropolitan Statistical Areas, NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H4Z31WJ0."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1515","article-title":"Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave","volume":"87","author":"Whitman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.10.009","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of mortality during the Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy","volume":"98","author":"Conti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0089-4","article-title":"Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France","volume":"80","author":"Fouillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11594","article-title":"The 2006 California Heat Wave: Impacts on Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits","volume":"117","author":"Knowlton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00025-2","article-title":"Excess hospital admissions during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago","volume":"16","author":"Semenza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.20.ira70009","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Heat Wave\u2013Related DeathsA Meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Bouchama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901879","article-title":"Urban Form and Extreme Heat Events: Are Sprawling Cities More Vulnerable to Climate Change Than Compact Cities?","volume":"118","author":"Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9047-4","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and excess mortality during the heat wave of 2003 in Barcelona","volume":"21","author":"Borrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320490025030","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality associated with the July 1980 heat wave in St Louis and Kansas City, Mo","volume":"247","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.11.010","article-title":"Heat health planning: The importance of social and community factors","volume":"21","author":"Yardley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1462-9011(98)00015-X","article-title":"Analysis of differences in hot-weather-related mortality across 44 U.S. metropolitan areas","volume":"1","author":"Chestnut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00421-X","article-title":"Heat-related mortality during a 1999 heat wave in Chicago","volume":"22","author":"Naughton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.1.80","article-title":"Temperature and Mortality in 11 Cities of the Eastern United States","volume":"155","author":"Heiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.08.014","article-title":"A vulnerability study of the low-income elderly in the context of high temperature and mortality in Seoul, Korea","volume":"371","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108367","article-title":"The Potential Health Impacts of Climate Variability and Change for the United States: Executive Summary of the Report of the Health Sector of the U.S. National Assessment","volume":"108","author":"Patz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0755-4982(05)83998-3","article-title":"Mortality related to the heatwave in 2003 in France: Forcasted or over the top","volume":"34","author":"Belmin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607113350203","article-title":"Heat-Related Deaths during the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago","volume":"335","author":"Semenza","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.9.1520","article-title":"Municipal Heat Wave Response Plans","volume":"94","author":"Bernard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1461669032000057668","article-title":"unemployment, poverty and social isolation: Is there a vicious circle of social exclusion?","volume":"5","author":"Gallie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Soc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00079-8","article-title":"Thermal remote sensing of urban climates","volume":"86","author":"Voogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Wang, P., Huang, C., and Tilton, J.C. (2018). Mapping Three-dimensional Urban Structure by Fusing Landsat and Global Elevation Data. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg096","article-title":"Modifiers of the temperature and mortality association in seven US cities","volume":"157","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.102947","article-title":"Projecting Heat-Related Mortality Impacts Under a Changing Climate in the New York City Region","volume":"97","author":"Knowlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.04.006","article-title":"Developing an applied extreme heat vulnerability index utilizing socioeconomic and environmental data","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.11.004","article-title":"The socio-spatial dynamics of extreme urban heat events: The case of heat-related deaths in Philadelphia","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00037-6","article-title":"Mapping Chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains Using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Models","volume":"65","author":"Roberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer, J., Roy, D., Sauer, B., Jenkerson, C., Zhang, H., and Lymburner, L. (2018). Analysis Ready Data: Enabling Analysis of the Landsat Archive. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0029.v1"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108929717","article-title":"Mean and inter-year variation of growing-season normalized difference vegetation index for the Sahel 1981\u20131989","volume":"12","author":"Tucker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500300297","article-title":"Classifying rangeland vegetation type and coverage from NDVI time series using Fourier Filtered Cycle Similarity","volume":"26","author":"Geerken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.12.007","article-title":"Quantifying intra-annual persistent behaviour in SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI data for Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Italy","volume":"101","author":"Telesca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.021","article-title":"Analysis of time-series MODIS 250 m vegetation index data for crop classification in the U.S. Central Great Plains","volume":"108","author":"Wardlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl049","article-title":"Heatwaves and public health in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Kovats","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"(2019, September 12). ArcGIS Hub. Available online: Https:\/\/hub.Arcgis.Com\/datasets\/."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101","article-title":"Principal component analysis","volume":"2","author":"Abdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Graphical Representation of Data Using Principal Components, Springer Inc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00104-1","article-title":"On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index","volume":"62","author":"Carlson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2222","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of summer heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area","volume":"31","author":"Dousset","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.5.367","article-title":"Impact of hot temperatures on death in London: A time series approach","volume":"56","author":"Hajat","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103532","article-title":"The Impact of Heat Islands on Mortality in Paris during the August 2003 Heat Wave","volume":"120","author":"Laaidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00019.1","article-title":"Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307868","article-title":"Predicting Hospitalization for Heat-Related Illness at the Census-Tract Level: Accuracy of a Generic Heat Vulnerability Index in Phoenix, Arizona (USA)","volume":"123","author":"Chuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-13-00037.1","article-title":"Assessing the Performance of a Vulnerability Index during Oppressive Heat across Georgia, United States","volume":"6","author":"Maier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Soc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.08.021","article-title":"Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events","volume":"35","author":"Luber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"OSHPD (2019, September 12). Patient Discharge Data (PDD) Dictionary, Available online: https:\/\/oshpd.ca.gov\/ml\/v1\/resources\/document?rs:path=\/Data-And-Reports\/Documents\/Request\/Data-Documentation\/DataDictionary_PDD_2018_Nonpublic.pdf."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"OSHPD (2019, September 12). Emergency Department (ED) and Ambulatory Surgery (AS) Data Dictionary, Available online: https:\/\/oshpd.ca.gov\/ml\/v1\/resources\/document?rs:path=\/Data-And-Reports\/Documents\/Request\/Data-Documentation\/DataDictionary_EDAS_2018_Nonpublic.pdf."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1993.9940365","article-title":"Evidence for Interaction between Air Pollution and High Temperature in the Causation of Excess Mortality","volume":"48","author":"Katsouyanni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health Int. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1998.10463733","article-title":"Impacts of Lowered Urban Air Temperatures on Precursor Emission and Ozone Air Quality","volume":"48","author":"Taha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, J.R. (2019). Three Los Angeles heat waves. Environmental Epidemiology: Epidemiologic Investigation of Community Environmental Health Problems, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429262883-9"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.04.013","article-title":"Joint effect of heatwaves and air quality on emergency department attendances for vulnerable population in Perth, Western Australia, 2006 to 2015","volume":"174","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2136\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:19:53Z","timestamp":1760188793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11182136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11182136","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]}}}