{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:16:48Z","timestamp":1774642608054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gap in knowledge regarding the radiative effects of aerosols in the UV region of the solar spectrum is large, mainly due to the lack of systematic measurements of the aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption optical depth (AAOD). In the present study, spectral UV measurements performed in Thessaloniki, Greece by a double monochromator Brewer spectrophotometer in the period 1998\u20132017 are used for the calculation of the aforementioned optical properties. The main uncertainty factors have been described and there is an effort to quantify the overall uncertainties in SSA and AAOD. Analysis of the results suggests that the absorption by aerosols is much stronger in the UV relative to the visible. SSA follows a clear annual pattern ranging from ~0.7 in winter to ~0.85 in summer at wavelengths 320\u2013360 nm, while AAOD peaks in summer and winter. The average AAOD for 2009\u20132011 is ~50% above the 2003\u20132006 average, possibly due to increased emissions of absorbing aerosols related to the economic crisis and the metro-railway construction works in the city center.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T03:40:06Z","timestamp":1568864406000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deriving Aerosol Absorption Properties from Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Spectral Measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1511-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Fountoulakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5199-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Natsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Siomos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Theano","family":"Drosoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alkiviadis F.","family":"Bais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.03.011","article-title":"A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation","volume":"25","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.32.2.194","article-title":"Effect of lung function and mode of inhalation on penetration of aerosol into the human lung","volume":"32","author":"Pavia","year":"1977","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(01)00154-9","article-title":"Effect of particle mass size distribution on the deposition of aerosols in the human respiratory system","volume":"33","author":"Salma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2395-2018","article-title":"Long-term series and trends in surface solar radiation in Athens, Greece","volume":"18","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2521-6","article-title":"1990\u20132016 surface solar radiation variability and trend over the Piedmont region (Northwest Italy)","volume":"136","author":"Manara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.11.043","article-title":"A revisit to decadal change of aerosol optical depth and its impact on global radiation over China","volume":"150","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-9477-2015","article-title":"Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009","volume":"15","author":"Turnock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00074.1","article-title":"Enlightening Global Dimming and Brightening","volume":"93","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2009.00425.x","article-title":"Solar dimming and brightening over Thessaloniki, Greece, and Beijing, China","volume":"61","author":"Zerefos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423","article-title":"Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols","volume":"255","author":"Charlson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076079","article-title":"Climate Impacts from a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions","volume":"45","author":"Samset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603570113","article-title":"Convergence on climate warming by black carbon aerosols","volume":"113","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5058","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064183","article-title":"How does increasing horizontal resolution in a global climate model improve the simulation of aerosol-cloud interactions?","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000540","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing","volume":"55","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-557-2012","article-title":"Smoke aerosol and its radiative effects during extreme fire event over Central Russia in summer 2010","volume":"5","author":"Chubarova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3563-2006","article-title":"Optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) in biomass-burning aerosols","volume":"6","author":"Hoffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8607","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-8607-2013","article-title":"Brown carbon: A significant atmospheric absorber of solar radiation?","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-6067-2012","article-title":"Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption of solar radiation","volume":"12","author":"Kirchstetter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aerosol ultraviolet absorption experiment (2002 to 2004), part 2: Absorption optical thickness, refractive index, and single scattering albedo","volume":"44","author":"Krotkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1039\/c4pp90032d","article-title":"Ozone depletion and climate change: Impacts on UV radiation","volume":"14","author":"Bais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-1011-2013","article-title":"Effect of aerosols and NO2 concentration on ultraviolet actinic flux near Mexico City during MILAGRO: Measurements and model calculations","volume":"13","author":"Palancar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13641","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13641-2016","article-title":"Effects of urban agglomeration on surface-UV doses: A comparison of Brewer measurements in Warsaw and Belsk, Poland, for the period 2013\u20132015","volume":"16","author":"Posyniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2493-2016","article-title":"Short and long-term variability of spectral solar UV irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece: Effects of changes in aerosols, total ozone and clouds","volume":"16","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"393","article-title":"Twenty-five years of spectral UV-B measurements over Canada, Europe and Japan: Trends and effects from changes in ozone, aerosols, clouds, and surface reflectivity","volume":"350","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Geosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-27-2515-2009","article-title":"Aerosol forcing efficiency in the UVA region from spectral solar irradiance measurements at an urban environment","volume":"27","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160902822864","article-title":"Factors affecting solar ultraviolet irradiance measured since 1990 at Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"30","author":"Meleti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.002672","article-title":"Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions","volume":"35","author":"Nakajima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, C.E., Ramanathan, V., Kim, D., and Podgorny, I.A. (2005). Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006356"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/jame.20035","article-title":"MAC-v1: A new global aerosol climatology for climate studies","volume":"5","author":"Kinne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Modeling Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.080","article-title":"Deriving an effective aerosol single scattering albedo from spectral surface UV irradiance measurements","volume":"39","author":"Bais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5813-2009","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol single scattering albedo at ultraviolet wavelengths at the T1 site during MILAGRO","volume":"9","author":"Corr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31865","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00399","article-title":"Measurements of irradiance attenuation and estimation of aerosol single scattering albedo for biomass burning aerosols in Amazonia","volume":"103","author":"Eck","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-331-2010","article-title":"Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo retrieval in the UV range: An application to OMI satellite validation","volume":"10","author":"Ialongo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5997-2016","article-title":"Aerosol absorption retrieval at ultraviolet wavelengths in a complex environment","volume":"9","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krotkov, N.A., Bhartia, P.K., Herman, J.R., Slusser, J.R., Labow, G.J., Scott, G.R., Janson, G.T., Eck, T., and Holben, B.N. (2005). Aerosol Ultraviolet Absorption Experiment (2002 to 2004), Part 1: Ultraviolet Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison with CIMEL Sunphotometers, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1886818"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-2295-2018","article-title":"Comparisons of spectral aerosol single scattering albedo in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"11","author":"Mok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.12.035","article-title":"The aerosol forcing efficiency in the UV region and the estimation of single scattering albedo at a typical West European site","volume":"69","author":"Nikitidou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinyuk, A., Torres, O., and Dubovik, O. (2003). Combined use of satellite and surface observations to infer the imaginary part of refractive index of Saharan dust. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016189"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp90059k","article-title":"Ozone\u2013climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation","volume":"18","author":"Bais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1029-2010","article-title":"The effect of the global UV irradiance measurement accuracy on the single scattering albedo retrieval","volume":"3","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3257-2013","article-title":"Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations","volume":"6","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, O., Tanskanen, A., Veihelmann, B., Ahn, C., Braak, R., Bhartia, P.K., Veefkind, P., and Levelt, P. (2007). Aerosols and surface UV products from Ozone Monitoring Instrument observations: An overview. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008809"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9020","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021672","article-title":"Global assessment of OMI aerosol single-scattering albedo using ground-based AERONET inversion","volume":"119","author":"Jethva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023976","article-title":"Factors for inconsistent aerosol single scattering albedo between SKYNET and AERONET","volume":"121","author":"Khatri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.06.006","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m exponent and single scattering albedo observed by skyradiometer in Seoul, Korea","volume":"181","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arola, A., Kazadzis, S., Lindfors, A., Krotkov, N., Kujanp\u00e4\u00e4, J., Tamminen, J., Bais, A., di Sarra, A., Villaplana, J.M., and Brogniez, C. (2009). A new approach to correct for absorbing aerosols in OMI UV. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041137"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-997-2018","article-title":"The TROPOMI surface UV algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Lindfors","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arola, A., Kazadzis, S., Krotkov, N., Bais, A., Gr\u00f6bner, J., and Herman, J.R. (2005). Assessment of TOMS UV bias due to absorbing aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005913"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.012","article-title":"Validation of OMI erythemal doses with multi-sensor ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"183","author":"Zempila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.872333","article-title":"The ozone monitoring instrument","volume":"44","author":"Levelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.009","article-title":"OMI\/Aura UV product validation using NILU-UV ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"140","author":"Zempila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raptis, I.-P., Kazadzis, S., Eleftheratos, K., Amiridis, V., and Fountoulakis, I. (2018). Single Scattering Albedo\u2019s Spectral Dependence Effect on UV Irradiance. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0402.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL00842","article-title":"Solar UVB measurements with the double-and single-monochromator Brewer ozone spectrophotometers","volume":"23","author":"Bais","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.006339","article-title":"Correcting global solar ultraviolet spectra recorded by a Brewer spectroradiometer for its angular response error","volume":"37","author":"Bais","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.005199","article-title":"Absolute spectral measurements of direct solar ultraviolet irradiance with a Brewer spectrophotometer","volume":"36","author":"Bais","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-24-3215-2006","article-title":"Monitoring of UV spectral irradiance at Thessaloniki (1990? 2005): Data re-evaluation and quality control","volume":"24","author":"Garane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.001681","article-title":"Direct spectral measurements with a Brewer spectroradiometer: Absolute calibration and aerosol optical depth retrieval","volume":"44","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-169-2019","article-title":"Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database\u2014Automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements","volume":"12","author":"Giles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6bner, J., and Meleti, C. (2004). Aerosol optical depth in the UVB and visible wavelength range from Brewer spectrophotometer direct irradiance measurements: 1991\u20132002. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004409"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-2091-2007","article-title":"Nine years of UV aerosol optical depth measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"7","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-1799-2016","article-title":"Dead time effect on the Brewer measurements: Correction and estimated uncertainties","volume":"9","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6bner, J., Redondas, A., Lakkala, K., Serrano, A., Vilaplana, J.M., Le\u00f3n-Luis, S.F., Karppinen, T., Fountoulakis, I., H\u00fclsen, G., and Egli, L. (2018, January 12\u201314). Spectral UV measurements within EUBREWNET. Proceedings of the European Conference on Solar UV Monitoring UV Monitoring in the European Countries\u2014Past, Present and Future, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7157","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7157-2017","article-title":"TEMIS UV product validation using NILU-UV ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"17","author":"Zempila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1647-2016","article-title":"The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations (version 2.0.1)","volume":"9","author":"Emde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Anderson, G.P., Clough, S.A., Kneizys, F.X., Chetwynd, J.H., and Shettle, E.P. (2019, September 18). AFGL Atmospheric Constituent Profiles (0\u2013120 km); Technical Report No. AFGL-TR-86-0110; Optical Physics Division, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory: Hanscom afb Massachusetts 01731 1986. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/235054307_AFGL_Atmospheric_Constituent_Profiles_0120km."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2011.03.019","article-title":"New secondary-scattering correction in DISORT with increased efficiency for forward scattering","volume":"112","author":"Buras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Shettle, E.P. (1989). Models of aerosols, clouds and precipitation for atmospheric propagation studies, in Atmospheric Popagation in the UV, Visible, ir and mm-Region and Related System Aspects. Agard Conf. Proc., Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/234312286_Models_of_aerosols_clouds_and_precipitation_for_atmospheric_propagation_studies."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(00)00070-3","article-title":"Comparison of two methods for cloud flagging of spectral UV measurements","volume":"57","author":"Vasaras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50171","article-title":"Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment","volume":"118","author":"Bond","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-4491-2017","article-title":"Temperature dependence of the Brewer global UV measurements","volume":"10","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Fountoulakis, I. (2016). Long Term Trends of the Spectral Solar UV Radiation. [Ph.D. Thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-3323-2018","article-title":"Sensitivity study of the instrumental temperature corrections on Brewer total ozone column measurements","volume":"11","author":"Redondas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2014.10.001","article-title":"Direct normal irradiance related definitions and applications: The circumsolar issue","volume":"110","author":"Blanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(01)00054-8","article-title":"Parameterized transmittance model for direct beam and circumsolar spectral irradiance","volume":"71","author":"Gueymard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14321","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900180","article-title":"Uncertainty of measurements of spectral solar UV irradiance","volume":"104","author":"Bernhard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/43\/2\/S14","article-title":"Quality assurance of spectral solar UV measurements: Results from 25\u2009UV monitoring sites in Europe, 2002 to 2004","volume":"43","author":"Blumthaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3369-2008","article-title":"Quality assurance of the Brewer spectral UV measurements in Finland","volume":"8","author":"Lakkala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8352","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.008352","article-title":"Investigation of the wavelength accuracy of Brewer spectrophotometers","volume":"37","author":"Wardle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cede, A., Kazadzis, S., Kowalewski, M., Bais, A., Kouremeti, N., Blumthaler, M., and Herman, J. (2006). Correction of direct irradiance measurements of Brewer spectrophotometers due to the effect of internal polarization. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024860"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Savastiouk, V. (2005). Improvements to the Direct-Sun Ozone Observations Taken with the Brewer Spectrophotometer. [Ph.D. Thesis, York University]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-905-2017","article-title":"Aerosol optical depth determination in the UV using a four-channel precision filter radiometer","volume":"10","author":"Carlund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiridis, V., Balis, D.S., Kazadzis, S., Bais, A., Giannakaki, E., Papayannis, A., and Zerefos, C. (2005). Four-year aerosol observations with a Raman lidar at Thessaloniki, Greece, in the framework of European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006190"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00581-8","article-title":"Raman lidar and sunphotometric measurements of aerosol optical properties over Thessaloniki, Greece during a biomass burning episode","volume":"37","author":"Balis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-569-2010","article-title":"Optical properties of different aerosol types: Seven years of combined Raman-elastic backscatter lidar measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"3","author":"Giannakaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11885","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11885-2018","article-title":"Are EARLINET and AERONET climatologies consistent? The case of Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"18","author":"Siomos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siomos, N., Filioglou, M., Poupkou, A., Liora, N., Dimopoulos, S., Melas, D., Chaikovsky, A., and Balis, D. (2017). Vertical separation of desert dust and biomass burning aerosol layers over Thessaloniki using the synergy of sunphotometer and lidar data. Proceedings of Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-35095-0_117"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of two automated aerosol typing methods and their application on an EARLINET station","volume":"2018","author":"Voudouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15879","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-15879-2018","article-title":"An automatic observation-based aerosol typing method for EARLINET","volume":"18","author":"Papagiannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5829-2017","article-title":"Comparisons of ground-based tropospheric NO2 MAX-DOAS measurements to satellite observations with the aid of an air quality model over the Thessaloniki area, Greece","volume":"17","author":"Drosoglou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouremeti, N., Bais, A.F., Balis, D., and Zyrichidou, I. (2013). Phaethon: A system for the validation of satellite derived atmospheric columns of trace gases. Proceedings of Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29172-2_151"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028647","article-title":"Vertical Profiles of Tropospheric Ozone From MAX-DOAS Measurements During the CINDI-2 Campaign: Part 1\u2014Development of a New Retrieval Algorithm","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.2013.847816","article-title":"The Effect of Three Different Absorption Cross-Sections and their Temperature Dependence on Total Ozone Measured by a Mid-Latitude Brewer Spectrophotometer","volume":"53","author":"Fragkos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08723.x","article-title":"Spectral albedo measurements in the UV and visible region over different types of surfaces","volume":"62","author":"Feister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arola, A., and Koskela, T. (2004). On the sources of bias in aerosol optical depth retrieval in the UV range. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004375"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Kazadzis, S. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9791","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900040","article-title":"Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-847-2014","article-title":"Sensitivity of aerosol retrieval to geometrical configuration of ground-based sun\/sky radiometer observations","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5937","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5937-2007","article-title":"Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols","volume":"7","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds: The Software Package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-5947-2015","article-title":"Technical Note: Optical properties of desert aerosol with non-spherical mineral particles: Data incorporated to OPAC","volume":"15","author":"Koepke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.11.021","article-title":"PM10 regional transport pathways in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"43","author":"Katragkou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.04.046","article-title":"Aerosol variability over Thessaloniki using ground based remote sensing observations and the TOMS aerosol index","volume":"40","author":"Koukouli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.06.016","article-title":"Evolution of air pollution source contributions over one decade, derived by PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in two metropolitan urban areas in Greece","volume":"164","author":"Diapouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.10.008","article-title":"Daily and seasonal variation of traffic related aerosol pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece, during the financial crisis","volume":"122","author":"Vouitsis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7847-2009","article-title":"Annual particle flux observations over a heterogeneous urban area","volume":"9","author":"Rannik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13313","DOI":"10.1021\/es403847h","article-title":"Increased Biomass Burning Due to the Economic Crisis in Greece and Its Adverse Impact on Wintertime Air Quality in Thessaloniki","volume":"47","author":"Saffari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balis, D.S., Amiridis, V., Nickovic, S., Papayannis, A., and Zerefos, C. (2004). Optical properties of Saharan dust layers as detected by a Raman lidar at Thessaloniki, Greece. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019881"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-3145-2017","article-title":"The contribution of wood burning and other pollution sources to wintertime organic aerosol levels in two Greek cities","volume":"17","author":"Florou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.03.017","article-title":"Adverse results of the economic crisis: A study on the emergence of enhanced formaldehyde (HCHO) levels seen from satellites over Greek urban sites","volume":"224","author":"Zyrichidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.04.004","article-title":"The new open Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA): Account of pollutant sources and their importance from 2006 to 2012","volume":"137","author":"Fameli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.031","article-title":"Tracking the association between metro-railway construction works and PM levels in an urban Mediterranean environment","volume":"568","author":"Paschalidou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.055","article-title":"Total exposure to airborne particulate matter in cities: The effect of biomass combustion","volume":"493","author":"Sarigiannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10347","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-10347-2018","article-title":"EuBrewNet\u2014A European Brewer network (COST Action ES1207), an overview","volume":"18","author":"Rimmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-3885-2018","article-title":"Aerosol optical depth in the European Brewer Network","volume":"18","author":"Redondas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2179\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:21:40Z","timestamp":1760188900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/18\/2179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11182179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11182179","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0049.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]}}}