{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:45:49Z","timestamp":1760240749818,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1503705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1503705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190103140JH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190103140JH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20180610KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20180610KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a close-range remote-sensing tool applied in a great many near-surface projects for engineering or environmental purposes. In GPR B-scans, there may exist a variety of reflections and diffractions that corresponds to different structures and targets in the subsurface media, and the noise is always embedded. To assist in the interpretation, GPR B-scans can be generally divided into two parts according to the dip attribute of the reflections, where the sub-horizontal layers and dipping structures are properly separated. In this work, we extend the f - x empirical mode decomposition (f - x EMD) to form a semi-adaptive dip filter for GPR data. In f - x domain, each frequency slice is decomposed by EMD and reconstructed to form a dipping profile and a horizontal profile respectively, where the reflections at different dips are separated adaptively. Then the noises mixed in the dipping profile are further separated by rank-deduction methods in f - x domain. The above two-step scheme constitutes the hybrid scheme, which can separate the dipping structures, sub-horizontal layers, and most of the random noise in GPR B-scans. We briefly review the basics of the f - x EMD, and then introduce the derived hybrid scheme in f - x domain. The proposed method is tested by the synthetic data, the forward simulation data, and the field data, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T10:55:21Z","timestamp":1568890521000},"page":"2180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dip Filter and Random Noise Suppression for GPR B-Scan Data Based on a Hybrid Method in f - x Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuebing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2016.05.016","article-title":"An Overview of Ground-Penetrating Radar Signal Processing Techniques for Road Inspections","volume":"132","author":"Benedetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solla, M., and Lag\u00fcela, S. 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