{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T20:54:40Z","timestamp":1781297680802,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201506410065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506410065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations are widely used in emergency response for flood mapping and monitoring. However, the current operational services are mainly focused on flood in rural areas and flooded urban areas are less considered. In practice, urban flood mapping is challenging due to the complicated backscattering mechanisms in urban environments and in addition to SAR intensity other information is required. This paper introduces an unsupervised method for flood detection in urban areas by synergistically using SAR intensity and interferometric coherence under the Bayesian network fusion framework. It leverages multi-temporal intensity and coherence conjunctively to extract flood information of varying flooded landscapes. The proposed method is tested on the Houston (US) 2017 flood event with Sentinel-1 data and Joso (Japan) 2015 flood event with ALOS-2\/PALSAR-2 data. The flood maps produced by the fusion of intensity and coherence and intensity alone are validated by comparison against high-resolution aerial photographs. The results show an overall accuracy of 94.5% (93.7%) and a kappa coefficient of 0.68 (0.60) for the Houston case, and an overall accuracy of 89.6% (86.0%) and a kappa coefficient of 0.72 (0.61) for the Joso case with the fusion of intensity and coherence (only intensity). The experiments demonstrate that coherence provides valuable information in addition to intensity in urban flood mapping and the proposed method could be a useful tool for urban flood mapping tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T03:06:51Z","timestamp":1569467211000},"page":"2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Urban Flood Mapping Using SAR Intensity and Interferometric Coherence via Bayesian Network Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Luisenstra\u00dfe 37, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Martinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schlaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2291-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Natsuaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Stra\u00dfe 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IDMC (2019, September 16). 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