{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:13:02Z","timestamp":1782364382230,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31BD30_184120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31BD30_184120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWO 286 E10008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWO 286 E10008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["aka 326315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["aka 326315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR\/185\/A1\/GloBAM-BE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR\/185\/A1\/GloBAM-BE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying nocturnal bird migration at high resolution is essential for (1) understanding the phenology of migration and its drivers, (2) identifying critical spatio-temporal protection zones for migratory birds, and (3) assessing the risk of collision with artificial structures. We propose a tailored geostatistical model to interpolate migration intensity monitored by a network of weather radars. The model is applied to data collected in autumn 2016 from 69 European weather radars. To validate the model, we performed a cross-validation and also compared our interpolation results with independent measurements of two bird radars. Our model estimated bird densities at high resolution (0.2\u00b0 latitude\u2013longitude, 15 min) and assessed the associated uncertainty. Within the area covered by the radar network, we estimated that around 120 million birds were simultaneously in flight (10\u201390 quantiles: 107\u2013134). Local estimations can be easily visualized and retrieved from a dedicated interactive website. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that a network of weather radar is able to quantify bird migration at high resolution and accuracy. The model presented has the ability to monitor population of migratory birds at scales ranging from regional to continental in space and daily to yearly in time. Near-real-time estimation should soon be possible with an update of the infrastructure and processing software.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T03:06:51Z","timestamp":1569467211000},"page":"2233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Geostatistical Approach to Estimate High Resolution Nocturnal Bird Migration Densities from a Weather Radar Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8185-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Nussbaumer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8820-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Mariethoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9473-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Liechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0844-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baptiste","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"624","article-title":"The natural link between Europe and Africa\u20142.1 billion birds on migration","volume":"118","author":"Hahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0666-4","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and survival of North America\u2019s migratory avifauna determined by weather radar","volume":"2","author":"Dokter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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