{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:01Z","timestamp":1772253001019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-86915-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-86915-C3-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011688","name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["826417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, reliability of sensors is one of the most important challenges for widespread application of Internet-of-things data in key emerging fields such as the automotive and manufacturing sectors. This paper presents a brief review of the main research and innovation actions at the European level, as well as some on-going research related to sensor reliability in cyber-physical systems (CPS). The research reported in this paper is also focused on the design of a procedure for evaluating the reliability of Internet-of-Things sensors in a cyber-physical system. The results of a case study of sensor reliability assessment in an autonomous driving scenario for the automotive sector are also shown. A co-simulation framework is designed in order to enable real-time interaction between virtual and real sensors. The case study consists of an IoT LiDAR-based collaborative map in order to assess the CPS-based co-simulation framework. Specifically, the sensor chosen is the Ibeo Lux 4-layer LiDAR sensor with IoT added capabilities. The modeling library for predicting error with machine learning methods is implemented at a local level, and a self-learning-procedure for decision-making based on Q-learning runs at a global level. The study supporting the experimental evaluation of the co-simulation framework is presented using simulated and real data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for increasing sensor reliability in cyber-physical systems using Internet-of-Things data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T11:14:35Z","timestamp":1569582875000},"page":"2252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Sensor Reliability in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Internet-of-Things Data: A Review and Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CSIC\u2013UPM), Spanish National Research Council, Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Strzelczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9268-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Villalonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CSIC\u2013UPM), Spanish National Research Council, Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2881-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo E.","family":"Haber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CSIC\u2013UPM), Spanish National Research Council, Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kossakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.05.021","article-title":"Sensoring systems and signal analysis to monitor tool wear in microdrilling operations on a sintered tungsten-copper composite material","volume":"199","author":"Beruvides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. 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