{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:32:57Z","timestamp":1772613177416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (Spain), through the ESPECTRAMED (CGL2017-86161-R)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (Spain), through the ESPECTRAMED (CGL2017-86161-R)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECOPOTENTIAL (grant agreement No.641762)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECOPOTENTIAL (grant agreement No.641762)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ISO-Pine (UCO-1265298)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISO-Pine (UCO-1265298)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change is increasing the vulnerability of Mediterranean coniferous plantations. Here, we integrate a Landsat time series with a physically-based distributed hydrological model (Watershed Integrated Management in Mediterranean Environments\u2014WiMMed) to examine spatially-explicit relationships between the mortality processes of Pinus pinaster plantations and the hydrological regime, using different spectral indices of vegetation and machine learning algorithms. The Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Moisture Stress Index (MSI) show the highest correlations with defoliation rates. Random Forest was the most accurate model (R2 = 0.79; RMSE = 0.059), showing a high model performance and prediction. Support vector machines and neural networks also demonstrated a high performance (R2 &gt; 0.7). The main hydrological variables selected by the model to explain defoliation were potential evapotranspiration, winter precipitation and maximum summer temperature (lower Out-of-bag error). These results show the importance of hydrological variables involved in evaporation processes, and on the change in the spatial distribution of seasonal rainfall upon the defoliation processes of P. pinaster. These results underpin the importance of integrating temporal remote sensing data and hydrological models to analyze the drivers of forest defoliation and mortality processes in the Mediterranean climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1569849401000},"page":"2291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Integration of a Landsat Time-Series of NBR and Hydrological Modeling to Assess Pinus pinaster Aiton. Forest Defoliation in South-Eastern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Antonio Jes\u00fas","family":"Ariza Salamanca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry Engineering, Laboratory of Silviculture, dendrochronology and climate change. DendrodatLab-ERSAF, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, E-14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Mar\u00eda","family":"Navarro-Cerrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry Engineering, Laboratory of Silviculture, dendrochronology and climate change. DendrodatLab-ERSAF, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, E-14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Bonet-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, E-14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ma Jos\u00e9","family":"P\u00e9rez-Palaz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Laboratory of River Dynamics and Hydrology, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, E-14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Laboratory of River Dynamics and Hydrology, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. IV, km. 396, E-14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00042952","article-title":"Changes and disturbances of forest ecosystems caused by human activities in the western part of the mediterranean basin","volume":"87","author":"Barbero","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, J.P., Go\u00f1i, I.I., and Leza, F.J.L. (2017). 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