{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:08:54Z","timestamp":1774415334499,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003008","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Egypt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has shown potential in measuring vegetation biochemical traits in three dimensions (3D) by using reflectance derived from backscattered intensity data. The 3D estimates can provide information about the vertical heterogeneity of canopy biochemical traits which affects canopy reflectance but cannot be measured from spaceborne and airborne optical remote sensing data. Leaf equivalent water thickness (EWT), a metric widely used in vegetation health monitoring, has been successfully linked to the normalized difference index (NDI) of near and shortwave infrared wavelengths at the leaf level. However, only two previous studies have linked EWT to NDI at the canopy level in field campaigns. In this study, an NDI consisting of 808 and 1550 nm wavelengths was used to generate 3D EWT estimates at the canopy level in a broadleaf mixed-species tree plot during and after a heatwave. The relative error in EWT estimates was 6% across four different species. Temporal changes in EWT were measured, and the accuracy varied between trees, a factor of the errors in EWT estimates on both dates. Vertical profiles of EWT were generated for six trees and showed vertical heterogeneity and variation between species. The change in EWT vertical profiles during and after the heatwave differed between trees, demonstrating that trees reacted in different ways to the drought condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T10:54:58Z","timestamp":1570186498000},"page":"2311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Four Dimensional Mapping of Vegetation Moisture Content Using Dual-Wavelength Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31733, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0706-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Gaulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02300","article-title":"The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves","volume":"427","author":"Vidale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00203.1","article-title":"On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the anthropocene","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380802238137","article-title":"A review of the european summer heat wave of 2003","volume":"40","author":"Trigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. 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