{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:23:30Z","timestamp":1768465410980,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper provides the first wide-area Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) survey of the whole eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (42,200 km2). The aims are to identify ground deformation hotspots within major urbanized areas and rural valleys, establish baselines in geothermal exploration sites, and analyze deformation at geothermal exploitation sites and its relationship with energy production. The whole 2003\u20132010 ENVISAT C-band SAR archive available over the region was processed with the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR method to retrieve over 840,000 coherent targets and estimate their ground displacement rates and time series. Land subsidence hotspots due to aquifer drawdown are found within the city of Puebla (up to \u221253 mm\/year vertical rates, groundwater pumping for industrial use), Tlaxcala and Apizaco (\u221217 mm\/year, industrial and public), the valley of Tecamachalco (\u221222 mm\/year, agricultural), Tulancingo (\u221255 mm\/year, public, industrial and agricultural), and in the eastern Mexico City metropolitan area (\u221244 mm\/year, agricultural). The baseline for the Acoculco caldera complex shows widespread ground stability. Conversely, localized subsidence patterns of \u22125 to \u221210 mm\/year exist around Las Derrumbadas and Cerro Pinto in the Serd\u00e1n-Oriental basin, due to intense groundwater pumping for agriculture. A well-defined land subsidence area with \u221211 mm\/year maximum rates is found at Los Humeros volcanic complex within Los Potreros collapse, correlating well with energy production infrastructure location and historical steam production rates. Field surveys carried out in Acoculco and Los Humeros in 2018 provide supporting evidence for the identification of hydrothermal manifestations, and understanding of the landscape and surface deformation patterns within the geothermal fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T11:25:57Z","timestamp":1570620357000},"page":"2341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Wide-Area InSAR Survey of Surface Deformation in Urban Areas and Geothermal Fields in the Eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cigna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7242-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deodato","family":"Tapete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Hugo","family":"Gardu\u00f1o-Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Av. Francisco J. Mujica S\/N, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Arturo","family":"Mu\u00f1iz-Jauregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Av. Francisco J. Mujica S\/N, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedras-CONACyT, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Oscar Humberto","family":"Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Av. Francisco J. Mujica S\/N, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Av. Francisco J. Mujica S\/N, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Geologic remote sensing for geothermal exploration: A review","volume":"33","author":"Hecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB07p09183","article-title":"Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry","volume":"94","author":"Gabriel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03139","article-title":"Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"36","author":"Massonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. 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