{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:13:40Z","timestamp":1771024420980,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41621061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41621061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University","award":["2015KJJCB33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015KJJCB33"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201706040221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201706040221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006462","name":"City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSC-CUNYENHC-48-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSC-CUNYENHC-48-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006462","name":"City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSC-CUNY CIRG-80209-0822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSC-CUNY CIRG-80209-0822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have integrated the observational capability of satellite remote sensing with plot-scale tree-ring data to upscale the evaluation of forest responses to drought. Satellite data, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), can provide a spatially continuous measure with limited temporal coverage, while tree-ring width index (RWI) provides an accurate assessment with a much longer time series at local scales. Here, we explored the relationship between RWI and NDVI of three dominant species in the Southwestern United States (SWUS) and predicted RWI spatial distribution from 2001 to 2017 based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1-km resolution NDVI data with stringent quality control. We detected the optimum time windows (around June\u2013August) during which the RWI and NDVI were most closely correlated for each species, when the canopy growth had the greatest effect on growth of tree trunks. Then, using our upscaling algorithm of NDVI-based RWI, we were able to detect the significant impact of droughts in 2002 and in 2011\u20132014, which supported the validity of this algorithm in quantifying forest response to drought on a large scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1570763231000},"page":"2344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Spatial Upscaling of Tree-Ring-Based Forest Response to Drought with Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Peipei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-6444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Hendrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA"},{"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuixiang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA"},{"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2075-y","article-title":"Global warming and 21st century drying","volume":"43","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070201","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/7\/070201","article-title":"Focus on extreme events and the carbon cycle","volume":"10","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972","article-title":"Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003","volume":"437","author":"Ciais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, S., Liu, R., Zhou, T., Fang, W., Yi, C., Lu, R., Zhao, X., and Luo, H. (2018). Dynamic responses of tree-ring growth to multiple dimensions of drought. Glob. Chang. Biol.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14367"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat4313","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat4313","article-title":"Twentieth century redistribution in climatic drivers of global tree growth","volume":"5","author":"Babst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/2\/024011","article-title":"Tipping point of a conifer forest ecosystem under severe drought","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.01.017","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends of drought effects in a heterogeneous semi-arid forest ecosystem","volume":"365","author":"Assal","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01724","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1724","article-title":"A global study of GPP focusing on light-use efficiency in a random forest regression model","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aacadd","article-title":"Forest drought resistance distinguished by canopy height","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuyan, U., Zang, C., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., and Menzel, A. (2017). Exploring Relationships among Tree-Ring Growth, Climate Variability, and Seasonal Leaf Activity on Varying Timescales and Spatial Resolutions. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060526"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8434020","article-title":"Ecosystem Drought Response Timescales from Thermal Emission versus Shortwave Remote Sensing","volume":"3","author":"Andujar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"12","article-title":"Relations between NDVI and tree productivity in the central great plains","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035034","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/035034","article-title":"Comparing forest measurements from tree rings and a space-based index of vegetation activity in Siberia","volume":"8","author":"Bunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.001","article-title":"Diverse relationships between forest growth and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at a global scale","volume":"187","author":"Camarero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Speer, J.H. (2010). Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045705","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/045705","article-title":"500 years of regional forest growth variability and links to climatic extreme events in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Babst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.052","article-title":"Inconsistent relationships between annual tree ring-widths and satellite-measured NDVI in a mountainous subarctic environment","volume":"91","author":"Brehaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2307\/1937545","article-title":"Long-Term Trends in Forest Net Primary Productivity: Cascade Mountains, Washington","volume":"70","author":"Graumlich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00010-9","article-title":"Forest growth response to changing climate between 1961 and 1990 in Austria","volume":"122","author":"Hasenauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12589","article-title":"Above-ground woody carbon sequestration measured from tree rings is coherent with net ecosystem productivity at five eddy-covariance sites","volume":"201","author":"Flurin","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02022-6","article-title":"Tree-ring widths are good proxies of annual variation in forest productivity in temperate forests","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019608","article-title":"The effect of growing season and summer greenness on northern forests","volume":"31","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"321","article-title":"High-latitude tree growth and satellite vegetation indices: Correlations and trends in Russia and Canada (1982\u20132008)","volume":"116","author":"Berner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiler, R., Kirchner, J.W., Krusic, P.J., Tognetti, R., Houli\u00e3, N., Andronico, D., Cullotta, S., Egli, M., D\u2019Arrigo, R., and Cherubini, P. (2017). Insensitivity of Tree-Ring Growth to Temperature and Precipitation Sharpens the Puzzle of Enhanced Pre-Eruption NDVI on Mt. Etna (Italy). PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169297"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.10.056","article-title":"Estimation of tree canopy cover in evergreen oak woodlands using remote sensing","volume":"223","author":"Carreiras","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45501","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/045501","article-title":"Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: Ecological variability and regional differences","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1175\/EI190.1","article-title":"Trends in Satellite-Observed Circumpolar Photosynthetic Activity from 1982 to 2003: The Influence of Seasonality, Cover Type, and Vegetation Density","volume":"10","author":"Bunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"979","article-title":"From AVHRR-NDVI to MODIS-EVI: Advances in vegetation index research","volume":"23","author":"Xing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.860205","article-title":"Evaluation of the consistency of long-term NDVI time series derived from AVHRR, SPOT-vegetation, SeaWiFS, MODIS, and Landsat ETM+ sensors","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4852","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.930205","article-title":"Evaluating drought response of Southern Cape Indigenous Forests, South Africa, using MODIS data","volume":"35","author":"Hope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"217","article-title":"Diverse responses of different structured forest to drought in southwest china through remotely sensed data","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505734102","article-title":"Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought","volume":"102","author":"Breshears","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.3390\/s7112636","article-title":"Sensitivity of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Topographic Effects: A Case Study in High-Density Cypress Forest","volume":"7","author":"Matsushita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Zhou, T., Wu, H., Zhao, X., Wang, Q., Gao, S., and Li, Z. (2016). Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080635"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14082","article-title":"Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes","volume":"24","author":"Gazol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509991112","article-title":"Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts","volume":"112","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066860","article-title":"Phenology. Responses to a warming world","volume":"294","author":"PenUelas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2325-9655.1000153","article-title":"Bifurcated Response of a Regional Forest to Drought","volume":"7","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1224.1","article-title":"A new global 0.5\u00b0 gridded dataset (1901\u20132006) of a multiscalar drought index: Comparison with current drought index datasets based on the Palmer drought severity index","volume":"11","author":"Vicenteserrano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","article-title":"Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes","volume":"110","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/3\/031002","article-title":"A new drought tipping point for conifer mortality","volume":"10","author":"Kolb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02708.x","article-title":"Satellite-based evidence for shrub and graminoid tundra expansion in northern Q uebec from 1986 to 2010","volume":"18","author":"McManus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.014","article-title":"Monitoring forest changes in the southwestern United States using multitemporal Landsat data","volume":"113","author":"Vogelmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.006","article-title":"Mapping forest growth and decline in a temperate mixed forest using temporal trend analysis of Landsat imagery, 1987\u20132010","volume":"141","author":"Czerwinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00523-4","article-title":"Drought disturbance from climate change: Response of United States forests","volume":"262","author":"Hanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(03)00113-7","article-title":"Seasonal and inter-annual relationships between vegetation and climate in central New Mexico, USA","volume":"57","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identifying Climatic Controls on Ring Width: The Timing of Correlations between Tree Rings and NDVI","volume":"12","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"141","article-title":"Recent tree mortality in the Western United States from bark beetles and forest fires","volume":"62","author":"Hicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12194","article-title":"Altered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Zhou, T., Yi, C., Luo, H., Zhao, X., Fang, W., Gao, S., and Liu, X. (2018). Impacts of Water Stress on Forest Recovery and Its Interaction with Canopy Height. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061257"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.003","article-title":"Impact of prolonged drought on rainfall use efficiency using MODIS data across China in the early 21st century","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002820","article-title":"Satellite evidence for significant biophysical consequences of the \u201cGrain for Green\u201d Program on the Loess Plateau in China","volume":"119","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2344\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:28:54Z","timestamp":1760189334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11202344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11202344","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]}}}