{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:17:29Z","timestamp":1776334649076,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010679","name":"H2020 Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["691883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["691883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solar maps are becoming a popular resource and are available via the web to help plan investments for the benefits of renewable energy. These maps are especially useful when the results have high accuracy. LiDAR technology currently offers high-resolution data sources that are very suitable for obtaining an urban 3D geometry with high precision. Three-dimensional visualization also offers a more accurate and intuitive perspective of reality than 2D maps. This paper presents a new method for the calculation and visualization of the solar potential of building roofs on an urban 3D model, based on LiDAR data. The paper describes the proposed methodology to (1) calculate the solar potential, (2) generate an urban 3D model, (3) semantize the urban 3D model with different existing and calculated data, and (4) visualize the urban 3D model in a 3D web environment. The urban 3D model is based on the CityGML standard, which offers the ability to consistently combine geometry and semantics and enable the integration of different levels (building and city) in a continuous model. The paper presents the workflow and results of application to the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain. This paper also shows the potential use of LiDAR data in different domains that can be connected using different technologies and different scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1570763231000},"page":"2348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Application of LiDAR Data for the Solar Potential Analysis Based on Urban 3D Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8407-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Construction Division, 48160 Tecnalia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5145-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Izkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Construction Division, 48160 Tecnalia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3992-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Usobiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Construction Division, 48160 Tecnalia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.060","article-title":"Modelling solar potential in the urban environment: State-of-the-art review","volume":"41","author":"Freitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. 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Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3934\/energy.2015.3.326","article-title":"Applying LIDAR datasets and GIS based model to evaluate solar potential over roofs: A review","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIMS Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215877","article-title":"Estimating roof solar energy potential in the downtown area using a GPU-accelerated solar radiation model and airborne LiDAR data","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.07.117","article-title":"Automated registration of potential locations for solar energy production with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and small format photogrammetry","volume":"112","author":"Enyedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. 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Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences\u2014ISPRS Archives, Dehradun, India.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-175-2018"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2019, August 21). EnergyPlus Weather Data. Available online: https:\/\/energyplus.net\/weather."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2019, August 21). GeoEuskadi GeoEuskadi FTP. Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.geo.euskadi.eus\/lidar."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2019, August 21). Tracasa Catastro Alava. Available online: https:\/\/catastroalava.tracasa.es\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Caama\u00f1o, E., and D\u00edaz-Palacios, S. (2019, August 21). Potencial Solar Fotovoltaico de las Cubiertas Edificatorias de la Ciudad de Vitoria-Gasteiz: Caracterizaci\u00f3n y An\u00e1lisis. Available online: https:\/\/www.vitoria-gasteiz.org\/docs\/j34\/catalogo\/01\/85\/potencialsolar19memoria.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2348\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:29:07Z","timestamp":1760189347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11202348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11202348","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]}}}