{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:36:13Z","timestamp":1772213773078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Program on Global Change and Air\u2013Sea Interaction","award":["GASI-IPOVAI-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GASI-IPOVAI-04"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1506403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1506403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41806021, 41730535, 41705048, 41621064, 41630970, and 41876022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41806021, 41730535, 41705048, 41621064, 41630970, and 41876022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Instrument Developing Project of the CAS","award":["YZ201432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ201432"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["JG1813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JG1813"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) are natural disasters for coastal regions. TCs with maximum wind speeds higher than 32.7 m\/s in the north-western Pacific are referred to as typhoons. Typhoons Sarika and Haima successively passed our moored observation array in the northern South China Sea in 2016. Based on the satellite data, the winds (clouds and rainfall) biased to the right (left) sides of the typhoon tracks. Sarika and Haima cooled the sea surface ~4 and ~2 \u00b0C and increased the salinity ~1.2 and ~0.6 psu, respectively. The maximum sea surface cooling occurred nearly one day after the two typhoons. Station 2 (S2) was on left side of Sarika\u2019s track and right side of Haima\u2019s track, which is studied because its data was complete. Strong near-inertial currents from the ocean surface toward the bottom were generated at S2, with a maximum mixed-layer speed of ~80 cm\/s. The current spectrum also shows weak signal at twice the inertial frequency (2f). Sarika deepened the mixed layer, cooled the sea surface, but warmed the subsurface by ~1 \u00b0C. Haima subsequently pushed the subsurface warming anomaly into deeper ocean, causing a temperature increase of ~1.8 \u00b0C therein. Sarika and Haima successively increased the heat content anomaly upper than 160 m at S2 to ~50 and ~100 m\u00b0C, respectively. Model simulation of the two typhoons shows that mixing and horizontal advection caused surface ocean cooling, mixing and downwelling caused subsurface warming, while downwelling warmed the deeper ocean. It indicates that Sarika and Haima sequentially modulated warm water into deeper ocean and influenced internal ocean heat budget. Upper ocean salinity response was similar to temperature, except that rainfall refreshed sea surface and caused a successive salinity decrease of ~0.03 and ~0.1 psu during the two typhoons, changing the positive subsurface salinity anomaly to negative<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"2360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8155-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Renhao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather\/MOE and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Linghui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Xunshu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Chenghao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6239-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"C03043","article-title":"Satellite evidence of hurricane-induced phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert","volume":"109","author":"Babin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015674","article-title":"Satellite observations of modulation of surface winds by typhoon-induced upper ocean cooling","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012286","article-title":"Effect of a fast-moving tropical storm Washi on phytoplankton in the northwestern South China Sea","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, J., Xu, Q., Zhang, H., Wang, T., and Fan, K. (2019). Impact of Cyclonic Ocean Eddies on Upper Ocean Thermodynamic Response to Typhoon Soudelor. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080938"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1659.1","article-title":"Tropical Cyclone\u2013Induced Upper-Ocean Mixing and Climate: Application to Equable Climates","volume":"21","author":"Korty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14771","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900641","article-title":"Contribution of tropical cyclones to meridional heat transport by the oceans","volume":"106","author":"Emanuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05785","article-title":"Observational evidence for an ocean heat pump induced by tropical cyclones","volume":"447","author":"Sriver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JPO3786.1","article-title":"The Mechanical Energy Input to the Ocean Induced by Tropical Cyclones","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00038.1","article-title":"Upper Oceanic Energy Response to Tropical Cyclone Passage","volume":"26","author":"Knaff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1995)025<0558:EFFTHT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Energy Flux from Traveling Hurricanes to the Oceanic Internal Wave Field","volume":"25","author":"Nilsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<0642:TOSEOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Ocean\u2019s Effect on the Intensity of Tropical Cyclones: Results from a Simple Coupled Atmosphere\u2013Ocean Model","volume":"56","author":"Schade","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<0843:ECOTCI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Environmental Control of Tropical Cyclone Intensity","volume":"61","author":"Emanuel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance","volume":"43","author":"Emanuel","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/44326","article-title":"Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity","volume":"401","author":"Emanuel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6520","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012064","article-title":"Upper ocean response to Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014)","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009661","article-title":"Observed upper ocean response to typhoon Megi (2010) in the Northern South China Sea","volume":"119","author":"Guan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2019.05.003","article-title":"Horizontal variations of typhoon-forced near-inertial oscillations in the south China sea simulated by a numerical model","volume":"180","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-018-9292-3","article-title":"Upper ocean near-inertial response to the passage of two sequential typhoons in the northwestern South China Sea","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071115","article-title":"Wave glider observations of surface winds and currents in the core of Typhoon Danas","volume":"43","author":"Mitarai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1985)015<1043:TEFFTW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Energy Flux from the Wind to Near-Inertial Motions in the Surface Mixed Layer","volume":"15","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010814-015746","article-title":"Near-Inertial Internal Gravity Waves in the Ocean","volume":"8","author":"Alford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7154","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014119","article-title":"Net modulation of upper ocean thermal structure by Typhoon Kalmaegi","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1984)014<0059:OTROTO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm: Parameters and Scales","volume":"14","author":"Greatbatch","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1983)013<0357:OTROTO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm: The Nonlinear Dynamics","volume":"13","author":"Greatbatch","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1984)014<1129:OTBOIW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Behavior of Internal Waves in the Wakes of Storms","volume":"14","author":"Gill","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1985)015<0544:NIWPIG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Near-Inertial Wave Propagation in Geostrophic Shear","volume":"15","author":"Kunze","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12469","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC00588","article-title":"Nonlinear processes of energy transfer from traveling hurricanes to the deep ocean internal wave field","volume":"102","author":"Hibiya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-16-0232.1","article-title":"Nonlinear Energy Transfer among Ocean Internal Waves in the Wake of a Moving Cyclone","volume":"47","author":"Meroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upper Ocean Response to a Hurricane","volume":"11","author":"Price","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-009-0203-8","article-title":"Numerical investigation of an oceanic resonant regime induced by hurricane winds","volume":"59","author":"Samson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09574-3","article-title":"The role of enhanced velocity shears in rapid ocean cooling during Super Typhoon Nepartak 2016","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"C08009","article-title":"Observations and analyses of upper ocean responses to tropical storms and hurricanes in the vicinity of Bermuda","volume":"113","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X., Zhang, B., Liu, G., Li, X., Zhang, H., and He, Y. (2018). Upper Ocean Response to Typhoon Kalmaegi and Sarika in the South China Sea from Multiple-Satellite Observations and Numerical Simulations. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020348"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.721940","article-title":"Remote-sensing observation of ocean responses to Typhoon Lupit in the northwest Pacific","volume":"34","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"C07010","article-title":"Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane","volume":"113","author":"Price","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4518.1","article-title":"Typhoon Kai-Tak: An Ocean\u2019s Perfect Storm","volume":"41","author":"Chiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10887","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10887","article-title":"Stratified coastal ocean interactions with tropical cyclones","volume":"7","author":"Glenn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2018.08.004","article-title":"Impact of Typhoon Kalmaegi on the South China Sea: Simulations using a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model","volume":"131","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.03.007","article-title":"Ocean response to typhoons in the western North Pacific: Composite results from Argo data","volume":"123","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5194\/os-11-719-2015","article-title":"Global representation of tropical cyclone-induced short-term ocean thermal changes using Argo data","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-014-0558-7","article-title":"An upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven analyzed with Argo profiling floats","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-018-0480-2","article-title":"Typhoon-induced ocean subsurface variations from glider data in the Kuroshio region adjacent to Taiwan","volume":"75","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-014-0689-6","article-title":"Observed oceanic response to tropical cyclone Jal from a moored buoy in the south-western Bay of Bengal","volume":"64","author":"GirishKumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1029\/2009EO070001","article-title":"Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions during Cyclone Nargis","volume":"90","author":"McPhaden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2012.06.006","article-title":"Upper ocean variability in the Bay of Bengal during the tropical cyclones Nargis and Laila","volume":"106","author":"Maneesha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-559-2014","article-title":"Upper ocean response to the passage of two sequential typhoons","volume":"10","author":"Baranowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.12.006","article-title":"Upper ocean response to the passage of two sequential typhoons","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061489","article-title":"Cyclone-cyclone interactions through the ocean pathway","volume":"41","author":"Balaguru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS2946.1","article-title":"A Cross-calibrated, Multiplatform Ocean Surface Wind Velocity Product for Meteorological and Oceanographic Applications","volume":"92","author":"Atlas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"CMORPH: A Method that Produces Global Precipitation Estimates from Passive Microwave and Infrared Data at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution","volume":"5","author":"Joyce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030322","article-title":"Accuracy of satellite sea surface temperatures at 7 and 11 GHz","volume":"48","author":"Gentemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meissner, T., Wentz, F.J., and Le Vine, D.M. (2018). The Salinity Retrieval Algorithms for the NASA Aquarius Version 5 and SMAP Version 3 Releases. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071121"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00119.1","article-title":"An Overview of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Database","volume":"31","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1994)024<0233:FSRTAM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Forced Stage Response to a Moving Hurricane","volume":"24","author":"Price","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8411","DOI":"10.1029\/JC091iC07p08411","article-title":"Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing","volume":"91","author":"Price","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-17-0044.1","article-title":"Influence of the size of Supertyphoon Megi (2010) on SST cooling","volume":"146","author":"Pun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanford, T.B., Price, J.F., Girton, J.B., and Webb, D.C. (2007). Highly resolved observations and simulations of the ocean response to a hurricane. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029679"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4313.1","article-title":"Upper-Ocean Response to Hurricane Frances (2004) Observed by Profiling EM-APEX Floats","volume":"41","author":"Sanford","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05603","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046521","article-title":"Observations of parametric subharmonic instability-induced near-inertial waves equatorward of the critical diurnal latitude","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC012694","article-title":"The effects of oceanic barrier layer on the upper ocean response to tropical cyclones","volume":"122","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14343","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201364109","article-title":"Ocean barrier layers\u2019 effect on tropical cyclone intensification","volume":"109","author":"Balaguru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Montuori, A., Ricchi, A., Benassai, G., and Migliaccio, M. (December, January 29). Sea Wave Numerical Simulation and Verification in Tyrrhenian Costal Area with X-Band Cosmo-Skymed Sar Data. Proceedings of the ESA, SOLAS & EGU Joint Conference \u2019Earth Observation for Ocean\u2013Atmosphere Interactions Science\u2019, Frascati, Italy."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2360\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:25:28Z","timestamp":1760189128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11202360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11202360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]}}}