{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T09:48:30Z","timestamp":1771062510001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000121670\/17\/NL\/AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000121670\/17\/NL\/AF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Mediterranean region is frequently struck by severe rainfall events causing numerous casualties and several million euros of damages every year. Thus, improving the forecast accuracy is a fundamental goal to limit social and economic damages. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models are currently able to produce forecasts at the km scale grid spacing but unreliable surface information and a poor knowledge of the initial state of the atmosphere may produce inaccurate simulations of weather phenomena. The STEAM (SaTellite Earth observation for Atmospheric Modelling) project aims to investigate whether Sentinel satellites constellation weather observation data, in combination with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, can be used to better understand and predict with a higher spatio-temporal resolution the atmospheric phenomena resulting in severe weather events. Two heavy rainfall events that occurred in Italy in the autumn of 2017 are studied\u2014a localized and short-lived event and a long-lived one. By assimilating a wide range of Sentinel and GNSS observations in a state-of-the-art NWP model, it is found that the forecasts benefit the most when the model is provided with information on the wind field and\/or the water vapor content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T03:32:54Z","timestamp":1571196774000},"page":"2387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A Synergistic Use of a High-Resolution Numerical Weather Prediction Model and High-Resolution Earth Observation Products to Improve Precipitation Forecast"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2468-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Lagasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA Research Foundation, 17100 Savona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8505-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA Research Foundation, 17100 Savona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8483-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA Research Foundation, 17100 Savona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostino","family":"Meroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA Research Foundation, 17100 Savona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazzareno","family":"Pierdicca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Marzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8285-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Luini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Venuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Realini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Research and Development (GReD) s.r.l., 22074 Lomazzo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Research and Development (GReD) s.r.l., 22074 Lomazzo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Tagliaferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Research and Development (GReD) s.r.l., 22074 Lomazzo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Barindelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Monti Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klodiana","family":"Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Terzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Rucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRE ALTAMIRA s.r.l., 20143 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Passera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRE ALTAMIRA s.r.l., 20143 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Kranzlmueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bjorn","family":"Rommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA)\u2014European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC), 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/36.298013","article-title":"The wavenumber shift in SAR interferometry","volume":"32","author":"Gatelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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