{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:08:36Z","timestamp":1774440516576,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010629","name":"Fulbright","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Academic Exchange","award":["Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Livestock production is a socioeconomic linchpin in Mongolia and is affected by large-scale livestock die-offs. Colloquially known as dzuds, these die-offs are driven by anomalous climatic events, including extreme cold temperatures, extended snow cover duration (SCD) and drought. As average temperatures across Mongolia have increased at roughly twice the global rate, we hypothesized that increasing cold season surface melt including soil freeze\/thaw (FT), snowmelt, and icing events associated with regional warming have become increasingly important drivers of dzud events as they can reduce pasture productivity and inhibit access to grazing. Here, we use daily brightness temperature (Tb) observations to identify anomalous surface melt and icing events across Mongolia from 2003\u20132016 and their contribution to dzuds relative to other climatic drivers, including winter temperatures, SCD, and drought. We find a positive relationship between surface melt and icing events and livestock mortality during the fall in southern Mongolia and during the spring in the central and western regions. Further, anomalous seasonal surface melt and icing events explain 17\u201334% of the total variance in annual livestock mortality, with cold temperatures as the leading contributor of dzuds (20\u201337%). Summer drought showed the greatest explanatory power (43%) but overall had less statistically significant relationships relative to winter temperatures. Our results indicate that surface melt and icing events will become an increasingly important driver of dzuds as annual temperatures and livestock populations are projected to increase in Mongolia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T04:46:06Z","timestamp":1571287566000},"page":"2392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Role of Surface Melt and Icing Events in Livestock Mortality across Mongolia\u2019s Semi-Arid Landscape"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caleb G.","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Kimball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munkhdavaa","family":"Munkhjargal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel P.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panthera, New York City, NY 10018, USA"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Tijdeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Menzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9770-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"},{"name":"Southwest Alaska Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia","volume":"89","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Mongolian rangelands in transition","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Secheresse"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.12.016","article-title":"Environmental challenges in Mongolia\u2019 s dryland pastoral landscape","volume":"72","author":"Sternberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.001","article-title":"Cross-boundary and cross-level dynamics increase vulnerability to severe winter disasters (dzud) in Mongolia","volume":"22","author":"Batkhishig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Batima, P., Natsagdorj, L., Gombluudev, P., and Erdenetsetseg, B. (2005). Observed Climate Change in Mongolia. AIACC Work. Pap., 25."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12365","article-title":"Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing","volume":"20","author":"Hilker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/7\/074012","article-title":"Dzuds, droughts, and livestock mortality in Mongolia","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318677111","article-title":"Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia","volume":"111","author":"Pederson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.02.050","article-title":"Limiting factors for nomadic pastoralism in Mongolian steppe: A hydrologic perspective","volume":"524","author":"Sugita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"46","article-title":"Exploring Linked Ecological and Cultural Tipping Points in Mongolia","volume":"17","author":"Venable","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hahn, H.A. (2019, October 16). Mongolian Dzud: Threats to and Protection of Mongolia\u2019s Herding Communities. Available online: http:\/\/aas2.asian-studies.org\/EAA\/EAA-Archives\/22\/2\/1486.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2195","article-title":"Short Communication Drought dynamics on the Mongolian steppe, 1970\u20132006","volume":"31","author":"Sternberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683609348861","article-title":"Late-Holocene moisture balance inferred from diatom and lake sediment records in western Mongolia","volume":"20","author":"Shinneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2117.1","article-title":"Soil Thermal and Ecological Impacts of Rain on Snow Events in the Circumpolar Arctic","volume":"22","author":"Rennert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac9d3","article-title":"Rain-on-snow events in Alaska, and their frequency and distribution from satellite observations","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-009-9269-x","article-title":"Paleolimnologic evidence for recent eutrophication in the valley of the great lakes (Mongolia)","volume":"12","author":"Shinneman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL065320","article-title":"Trends and variability in rain-on-snow events","volume":"42","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR005929","article-title":"A method for the detection of the severe rain-on-snow event on Banks Island, October 2003, using passive microwave remote sensing","volume":"44","author":"Grenfell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247410000434","article-title":"S\u00e1mi traditional ecological knowledge as a guide to science: Snow, ice and reindeer pasture facing climate change","volume":"47","author":"Riseth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polar Rec."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1374","article-title":"Behavioral buffering of extreme weather events in a high-Arctic herbivore","volume":"7","author":"Loe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16820","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16820","article-title":"Observed contrast changes in snow cover phenology in northern middle and high latitudes from 2001\u20132014","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2009.01554.x","article-title":"Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation: Consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event","volume":"97","author":"Bokhorst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1927.1","article-title":"Detection of snow surface thawing and refreezing in the Eurasian Arctic with QuikSCAT: Implications for reindeer herding","volume":"20","author":"Bartsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2041142","article-title":"Ten Years of SeaWinds on QuikSCAT for Snow Applications","volume":"2","author":"Bartsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.11.006","article-title":"Detection of rain-on-snow (ROS) events and ice layer formation using passive microwave radiometry: A context for Peary caribou habitat in the Canadian Arctic","volume":"189","author":"Langlois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.016","article-title":"Effect of spatial variability of wet snow on modeled and observed microwave emissions","volume":"198","author":"Vuyovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-905-2013","article-title":"Recent changes in spring snowmelt timing in the Yukon River basin detected by passive microwave satellite data","volume":"7","author":"Semmens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028466","article-title":"Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM\/I brightness temperature daily variations","volume":"34","author":"Tedesco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.017","article-title":"Detection of pan-Arctic terrestrial snowmelt from QuikSCAT, 2000\u20132005","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-2589-2016","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of winter melt events from passive microwave satellite data in the pan-Arctic, 1988\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10828","article-title":"Development of a rain-on-snow detection algorithm using passive microwave radiometry","volume":"30","author":"Dolant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s007040200008","article-title":"The Siberian High and climate change over middle to high latitude Asia","volume":"72","author":"Gong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.02.025","article-title":"The onset of Neoglaciation 6000 years ago in western Mongolia revealed by an ice core from the Tsambagarav mountain range","volume":"69","author":"Herren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808331","article-title":"The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth observing system (AMSR-E), NASDA\u2019s contribution to the EOS for global energy and water cycle studies","volume":"41","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"13","article-title":"Instrument performance and calibration of AMSR-E and AMSR2","volume":"38","author":"Imaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8594","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098594","article-title":"Inter-calibration of satellite passive microwave land observations from AMSR-E and AMSR2 using overlapping FY3B-MWRI sensor measurements","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi1010032","article-title":"EASE-Grid 2.0: Incremental but Significant Improvements for Earth-Gridded Data Sets","volume":"1","author":"Brodzik","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12752","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212752","article-title":"Identifying changing snow cover characteristics in central Asia between 1986 and 2014 from remote sensing data","volume":"6","author":"Dietz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaaa9a","article-title":"Tundra plant aboveground biomass and shrub dominance mapped across the North Slope of Alaska","volume":"13","author":"Berner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-2954-8","article-title":"Contributions of multiple climate hazards and overgrazing to the 2009\/2010 winter disaster in Mongolia","volume":"92","author":"Nandintsetseg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, N.P., Allred, B.W., Jones, M.O., Moreno, A., Kimball, J.S., Naugle, D.E., Erickson, T.A., and Richardson, A.D. (2017). A Dynamic Landsat Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Product for the Conterminous United States. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080863"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/11\/114021","article-title":"Warmer and wetter winters: Characteristics and implications of an extreme weather event in the High Arctic","volume":"9","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3335-1","article-title":"Evapotranspiration and energy balance dynamics of a semi-arid mountainous steppe and shrubland site in Northern Mongolia","volume":"73","author":"Minderlein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munkhjargal, M., Groos, S., Pan, C.G., Yadamsuren, G., Yamkin, J., and Menzel, L. (2019). Multi-Source Based Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Snow in a Semi-Arid Headwater Catchment of Northern Mongolia. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9010053"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/8\/084004","article-title":"New satellite climate data records indicate strong coupling between recent frozen season changes and snow cover over high northern latitudes","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411748112","article-title":"Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"112","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-3793-2013","article-title":"Spectral albedo of seasonal snow during intensive melt period at Sodankyl\u00e4, beyond the Arctic Circle","volume":"13","author":"Meinander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-012-1272-6","article-title":"Frequency, timing, extent, and size of winter thaw-refreeze events in Alaska 2001-2008 detected by remotely sensed microwave backscatter data","volume":"36","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(00)00095-7","article-title":"Paleoshoreline geomorphology of B\u00f6\u00f6n Tsagaan Nuur, Tsagaan Nuur and Orog Nuur: The Valley of Lakes, Mongolia","volume":"39","author":"Komatsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6960","article-title":"Sublimation form thin snow cover at the edge of the Eurasian cryosphere of Mongolia","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1232","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1232","article-title":"Snow redistribution for the hydrological modeling of alpine catchments","volume":"4","author":"Freudiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0091-2","article-title":"Explaining spatial variations in climate hazard impacts in western Mongolia","volume":"30","author":"Middleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.06.015","article-title":"Assessing Mongolian snow disaster risk using livestock and satellite data","volume":"72","author":"Tachiiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/1\/014007","article-title":"Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"No evidence of widespread decline of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau over 2000\u20132015","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600944","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600944","article-title":"Rapid decadal convective precipitation increase over Eurasia during the last three decades of the 20th century","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aacf72","article-title":"Quantifying the effects of freeze-thaw transitions and snowpack melt on land surface albedo and energy exchange over Alaska and Western Canada","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2311-2018","article-title":"A synthesis dataset of permafrost-affected soil thermal conditions for Alaska, USA","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.10.010","article-title":"Detecting soil freeze\/thaw onsets in Alaska using SMAP and ASCAT data","volume":"220","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1824","article-title":"Temperature regimes of the active layer and seasonally frozen ground under a forest-steppe mosaic, Mongolia","volume":"25","author":"Dashtseren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walther, M., Dashtseren, A., Kamp, U., Temujin, K., Meixner, F., Pan, C.G., and Gansukh, Y. (2017). Glaciers, Permafrost and Lake Levels at the Tsengel Khairkhan Massif, Mongolian Altai, During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Geosciences, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7030073"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/sea2.12007","article-title":"Booms and Busts: Asset Dynamics, Disaster, and the Politics of Wealth in Rural Mongolia","volume":"1","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33046-1","article-title":"Cold-season disasters on the Eurasian steppes: Climate-driven or man-made","volume":"8","author":"Nandintsetseg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19416-9","article-title":"Climate Degradation and Extreme Icing Events Constrain Life in Cold-Adapted Mammals","volume":"8","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2392\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1760189202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/20\/2392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11202392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11202392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]}}}