{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:04:53Z","timestamp":1764079493708,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS 14161790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 14161790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Often discussed, the spatial extent and scope of the Khmer Rouge irrigation network has not been previously mapped on a national scale. Although low resolution, early Landsat images can identify water features accurately when using vegetation indices. We discuss the methods involved in mapping historic irrigation on a national scale, as well as comparing the performance of several vegetation indices at irrigation detection. Irrigation was a critical component of the Communist Part of Kampuchea (CPK)\u2019s plan to transform Cambodia into an ideal communist society, aimed at providing surplus for the nation by tripling rice production. Of the three indices used, normalized difference, corrected transformed, and Thiam\u2019s transformed vegetation indexes, (NDVI, CTVI, and TTVI respectively), the CTVI provided the clearest images of water storage and transport. This method for identifying anthropogenic water features proved highly accurate, despite low spatial resolution. We were successful in locating and identifying both water storage and irrigation canals from the time that the CPK regime was in power. In many areas these canals and reservoirs are no longer visible, even with high resolution modern satellites. Most of the structures built at this time experienced some collapse, either during the CPK regime or soon after, however many have been rehabilitated and are still in use, in at least a partial capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T04:46:06Z","timestamp":1571287566000},"page":"2397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Extracting Khmer Rouge Irrigation Networks from Pre-Landsat 4 Satellite Imagery Using Vegetation Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Corrine","family":"Coakley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Munro-Stasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}]},{"given":"Sokvisal","family":"Kimsroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}]},{"given":"Chhunly","family":"Chhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stian","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"},{"name":"Department of Geography, College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110075532","article-title":"Monitoring Land-Use Change in the Pearl River Delta Using Landsat TM","volume":"23","author":"Seto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.09.007","article-title":"Tourism, Forest Conversion, and Land Transformations in the Angkor Basin, Cambodia","volume":"29","author":"Gaughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.025","article-title":"Use of Landsat Thermal Imagery in Monitoring Evapotranspiration and Managing Water Resources","volume":"122","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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