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We assessed the robustness of using multi-temporal Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2\/Scanning Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR-2\/ScanSAR) mosaic images for forest mapping by comparison with single-temporal PALSAR-2 mosaic images for three test sites in North, Central, and Southern Vietnam. We then used a combination of multi-temporal PALSAR-2\/ScanSAR images, multi-temporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images, and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) images to map annual forest cover for mainland Vietnam during 2015\u20132018. Average overall accuracies of our forest\/non-forest (FNF) maps (86.6% \u00b1 3.1%) were greater than recent maps of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA, (77.5% \u00b1 3.2%)) and European Space Agency (ESA, (85.4% \u00b1 1.6%)). Our estimates of mainland Vietnam\u2019s forest area were close to that of the Vietnamese government. A comparison of the spatial distribution of forest estimated from JAXA and ESA FNF maps showed that our FNF map in 2015 agreed relatively well with the ESA map, with 77% of pixels being consistent. This study demonstrates the merit of using multi-temporal PALSAR-2\/ScanSAR images for annual forest mapping at a national scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1571310479000},"page":"2412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["JAXA Annual Forest Cover Maps for Vietnam during 2015\u20132018 Using ALOS-2\/PALSAR-2 and Auxiliary Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Van Thinh","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for VNU Development at Hoa Lac Campus\u2014Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Thach Hoa Commune, Thach That District, Hanoi 155500, Vietnam"},{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Tung","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duong Phan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Hydraulic Construction Institute\u2014Vietnam Academy for Water Resources, No. 3, Alley 95, Chua Boc Street, Dong Da district, Hanoi 116765, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Tadono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenlo Nishida","family":"Nasahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3417\/2012018","article-title":"How Many Plant Species are There, Where are They, and at What Rate are They Going Extinct?","volume":"100","author":"Pimm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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