{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:48:42Z","timestamp":1760240922689,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The characterization of sands detailed in this paper has been performed in order to support the in-flight radiometric performance assessment of space-borne optical sensors over the so-called Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS). Although the physical properties of PICS surface are fairly stable in time, the signal measured from space varies with the illumination and the viewing geometries. Thus, there is a need to characterize the spectro-directional properties of PICS. This could be done on a broad scale, thanks to multi-spectral multi-directional space-borne sensors such as the POLDER instrument (with old data). However, interpolating or extrapolating the spectro-directional reflectance measured from space to spectral bands of another sensor is not straightforward. The hyperspectral characterization of sand samples collected within or nearby PICS could contribute to a solution. In this context, a set of 31 sand samples was compiled. The BiConical Reflectance Factor (BCRF), linked to Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), was measured between 0.4 and 2.5 \u00b5m, over a half hemisphere when the amount of sand in the sample was large enough and for only a single fixed angular configuration for small samples. These optical measurements were complemented by grain size distribution measurements and mineralogical analysis and compiled together with previously published measurements in the so-called PICSAND database, freely available online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T11:46:59Z","timestamp":1571831219000},"page":"2446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contribution to Sandy Site Characterization: Spectro-Directional Signature, Grain Size Distribution and Mineralogy Extracted from Sand Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Viallefont-Robinet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA DOTA Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, F-31055 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Bacour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVELTIS 153 Rue du Lac, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bouvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESA Keplerlaan 1, PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Malika","family":"Kheireddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST, Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &amp; Engineering Division (BESE), Bioscience program, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Ouhssain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST, Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &amp; Engineering Division (BESE), Bioscience program, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Idoughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST, Visual Computing Center (VCC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences &amp; Engineering Division (CEMCE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Grignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVELTIS 153 Rue du Lac, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Munesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVELTIS 153 Rue du Lac, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lema\u00eetre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA DOTA Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, F-31055 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA DOTA Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, F-31055 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697216919","article-title":"A field experiment in Saharan Algeria for the calibration of optical sensors","volume":"18","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. 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