{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T20:15:06Z","timestamp":1783714506894,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31971458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41907289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41907289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special High-level Plan Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2016TQ03Z354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TQ03Z354"]}]},{"name":"Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KFZD-SW-312, QYZDJ-SSW-DQC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFZD-SW-312, QYZDJ-SSW-DQC003"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River S&amp;T Nova Program of Guangzhou","award":["201610010134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201610010134"]}]},{"name":"GDAS\u2019 project of Science and Technology Development","award":["2016GDASRC-0101, 2019GDASYL-0103002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016GDASRC-0101, 2019GDASYL-0103002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012230","name":"Water Resource Science and Technology Innovation Program of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interception of rainfall by vegetation canopies plays an important role in the hydrologic process of ecosystems. Most estimates of canopy rainfall interception in present studies are mainly through field observations at the plot region. However, it is difficult, yet important, to map the regional rainfall interception by vegetation canopy at a larger scale, especially in the southern rainy areas of China. To obtain a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation canopy rainfall interception with regard to the basin scale in this region, we extended a rainfall interception model by combining the observed rainfall data and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer leaf area index (MODIS_LAI) data to quantitatively estimate the vegetation canopy rainfall interception rate (CRIR) at small\/medium basin scales in Guangdong Province, which is undergoing large changes in vegetation cover due to rapid urban expansion in the area. The results showed that the CRIR in Guangdong declined continuously during 2004\u20132012, but increased slightly in 2016, and the spatial variability of CRIR showed a diminishing yearly trend. The CRIR also exhibited a distinctive spatial pattern, with a higher rate to the east and west of the mountainous areas and a lower rate in the central mountainous and coastal areas. This pattern was more closely related to the spatial variation of the LAI than that of rainfall due to frequent extreme rainfall events saturating vegetation leaves. Further analysis demonstrated that forest coverage, instead of background climate, has a certain impact on the canopy rainfall interception, especially the proportion of broad-leaved forests in the basin, but more in-depth study is warranted in the future. In conclusion, the results of this study provide insights into the spatiotemporal variation of canopy rainfall interception at the basin scale of the Guangdong Province, and suggest that forest cover should be increased by adjusting the species composition to increase the proportion of native broad-leaved species based on the local condition within the basin. In addition, these results would be helpful in accurately assessing the impacts of forest ecosystems on regional water cycling, and provide scientific and practical implications for water resources management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1571973636000},"page":"2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Estimating Rainfall Interception of Vegetation Canopy from MODIS Imageries in Southern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxian","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.5563","article-title":"The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary","volume":"18","author":"Savenije","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.08.043","article-title":"Estimated distributed rainfall interception using a simple conceptual model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"Galdos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.07.002","article-title":"A proposal for a new forest canopy interception mechanism: Splash droplet evaporation","volume":"319","author":"Murakami","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.06.009","article-title":"Measuring forest floor and canopy interception in a savannah ecosystem","volume":"47\u201348","author":"Tsiko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11157","article-title":"Modeling rainfall interception loss by two xerophytic shrubs in the Loess Plateau","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.02.058","article-title":"A review of rainfall interception modelling","volume":"370","author":"Muzylo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6783","article-title":"Intra-storm evaporation as a component of canopy interception loss in dryland shrubs: Observations from Fowlers Gap, Australia","volume":"22","author":"Dunkerley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9359","article-title":"Characteristics of canopy interception loss in moso bamboo forests of Japan","volume":"27","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"124","article-title":"Throughfall and throughfall spatial variability in Madrean oak forest communities of northeastern Mexico","volume":"297","author":"Laureano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.12.014","article-title":"Throughfall in a Puerto Rican lower montane rainforest: A comparison of sampling strategies","volume":"327","author":"Holwerda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.04.008","article-title":"Interception water-partitioning dynamics for a pristine rainforest in Central Amazonia: Marked differences between normal and dry years","volume":"145","author":"Cuartas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"582","article-title":"Determining sample size in throughfall studies","volume":"25","author":"Peterson","year":"1979","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00115-2","article-title":"Estimation of rainfall storage capacity in the canopies of cypress wetlands and slash pine uplands in North-Central Florida","volume":"207","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.06.005","article-title":"The influence of seasonal changes in canopy structure on interception loss: Application of the revised Gash model","volume":"318","author":"Deguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, H.H., Zhao, C.Y., Shen, W.H., Xu, Z.L., and Feng, Z.D. (2009, January 12\u201317). Modeling canopy interception of Picea Crassifolia forest in Qilian mountains using QuickBird satellite data. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5417390"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y.K., Zhao, P., Yan, B.Y., Xie, H.J., Yu, P.T., Wan, W., Fan, W., and Hong, Y. (2017). Developing the Remote Sensing-Gash analytical model for estimating vegetation rainfall interception at very high resolution: A case study in the Heihe river basin. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070661"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(98)00068-9","article-title":"Measurement and modelling of rainfall interception by three semi-arid canopies","volume":"91","author":"Domingo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.09.006","article-title":"Rainfall interception and the coupled surface water and energy balance","volume":"214\u2013215","author":"Dijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2017.12.009","article-title":"Rainfall Interception by Single leaf Pi\u00f1on and Utah Juniper: Implications for Stand-Level Effective Precipitation","volume":"71","author":"Stringham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rangeland Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2307\/2402568","article-title":"A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests: III. Sensitivity of the model to stand parameters and meteorological variables","volume":"14","author":"Rutter","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2307\/2401739","article-title":"A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. II. Generalization of the model and comparison with observations in some coniferous and hardwood stand","volume":"12","author":"Rutter","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02697-N","article-title":"Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model","volume":"170","author":"Gash","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(78)90131-2","article-title":"An application of the Rutter model to the estimation of the interception loss from Thetford Forest","volume":"38","author":"Gash","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.10.006","article-title":"Efficiency of the reformulated Gash\u2019 interception model in semiarid afforestations","volume":"201","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(200003)14:4<669::AID-HYP965>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Measuring interception loss and canopy storage in dryland vegetation: A brief review and evaluation of available research strategies","volume":"14","author":"Dunkerley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(02)00399-2","article-title":"A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems","volume":"274","author":"Levia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9767","article-title":"Influence of shrub canopy morphology and rainfall characteristics on stemflow within a revegetated sand dune in the Tengger Desert, NW China","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601064884","article-title":"Estimating spatial patterns of rainfall interception from remotely sensed vegetation indices and spectral mixture analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jetten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802238401","article-title":"Retrieval of chlorophyll content and the LAI of crops using hyperspectral techniques: Applications of PROBA\/CHRIS data","volume":"29","author":"Delegido","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.10.022","article-title":"Impacts of imagery temporal frequency on land-cover change detection monitoring","volume":"89","author":"Lunetta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.05.032","article-title":"Application of three canopy interception models to a young stand of Japanese cypress and interpretation in terms of interception mechanism","volume":"342","author":"Murakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9713","article-title":"Canopy interception by a spruce forest in the upper reach of Heihe River basin, Northwestern China","volume":"28","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.10.032","article-title":"Measurement and modelling of rainfall interception by two differently aged secondary forests in upland Eastern Madagascar","volume":"545","author":"Ghimire","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.088","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of remotely sensed region heat islands during the rapid urbanization (1995-2015) of Southern China","volume":"674","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, S., Shi, W., Zhu, X., and Abbas, S. (2019). Monitoring of land use\/land cover and socioeconomic changes in south China over the last three decades using Landsat and Nighttime Light data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141658"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., and Bao, W. (2011, January 16\u201318). The characteristics of rain in the raining seasons in Guangdong province and its relationship with sea surface temperature (SST). Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Yichang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECENG.2011.6057354"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Qiu, X., and Chen, X. (2011, January 20\u201322). Trend analysis of hydrological and meteorological factors in Guangdong under climate change. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.01.031","article-title":"Anthropogenic mercury enrichment factors and contributions in soils of Guangdong Province, south China","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-014-0896-1","article-title":"Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on erosion characteristics of the red soil slope","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1694-5","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations in rainfall erosivity during the period of 1960-2011 in Guangdong Province, southern China","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133306071145","article-title":"Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems","volume":"30","author":"Levia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geog."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/w6040993","article-title":"A modified Gash Model for estimating rainfall interception loss of forest using remote sensing observations at regional scale","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc2018-025","article-title":"Quantifying the effect of non-spatial and spatial forest stand structure on rainfall partitioning in mountain forests, Southern China","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forest. Chron."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.J., Wang, C.Z., Li, X.X., Zhang, H.W., Li, W.L., and Jiang, L.Q. (2018). Impacts of agricultural expansion (1910s-2010s) on the water cycle in the Songneng plain, Northeast China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071108"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W09503","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008829","article-title":"Forest recovery and river discharge at the regional scale of Guangdong province, China","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.02.001","article-title":"50-year evapotranspiration declining and potential causations in subtropical Guangdong province, southern China","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"160","article-title":"The value of forest ecosystem services of Guangdong province","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2019.03.012","article-title":"Redistribution characteristics of atmospheric precipitation in different spatial levels of Guangzhou urban typical forests in southern China","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2019, August 27). MODIS terrestrial standard product MOD13A1. Available online: http:\/\/www.gscloud.cn."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199608)10:8<1107::AID-HYP415>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"LISEM: A single-event physically based hydrological and soil erosion model for drainage basins. I: Theory, input and output","volume":"10","author":"Wesseling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(79)90057-X","article-title":"Rainfall interception by eight small trees","volume":"42","author":"Aston","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ065i011p03850","article-title":"A note on the interception loss equation","volume":"65","author":"Merriam","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.04.015","article-title":"China\u2019s 19-year city-level carbon emissions of energy consumptions, driving forces and regionalized mitigation guidelines","volume":"35","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6588","article-title":"Evidence of large rainfall partitioning patterns by banana and impact on surface runoff generation","volume":"21","author":"Cattan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-018-0753-y","article-title":"Rainfall interception capacity of tree species used in urban afforestation","volume":"21","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"175","article-title":"Seasonal variability of rainfall interception and canopy storage capacity measured under individual Oak (Quercus brantii) trees in western Iran","volume":"15","author":"Fathizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agr. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-017-1039-2","article-title":"Predicted models for potential canopy rainfall interception capacity of landscape trees in Shanghai, China","volume":"136","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"80","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of vegetation interception at a large scale in the middle reaches of Yellow River","volume":"69","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geographica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2487","article-title":"Canopy interception characteristics of main vegetation types in Liupan Mountains of China","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"157","article-title":"Characteristics of the canopy interception in an evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest in Yangdongshan, North Guangdong","volume":"47","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scientia Silvae Sinicae"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1363-5_18","article-title":"Canopy structure in relation to hydrological and biogeochemical fluxes","volume":"Volume 216","author":"Levia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10124","article-title":"Differential stemflow yield from European beech saplings: The role of individual canopy structure metrics","volume":"29","author":"Levia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.03.007","article-title":"Canopy wetness patterns in a Mediterranean deciduous stan","volume":"512","author":"Llorens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.09.018","article-title":"The role of vegetation covers on soil wetting processes at rainfall event scale in scattered tree woodland of Mediterranean climate","volume":"529","author":"Schnable","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2015.253","article-title":"Stemflow and its controlling factors in the subshrub Artemisia ordosica during two contrasting growth stages in the Mu Us sandy land of northern China","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2016.1217414","article-title":"Influence of leaf and canopy characteristics on rainfall interception and urban hydrology","volume":"62","author":"Holder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-018-0768-4","article-title":"Rainfall interception by six urban trees in San Juan, Puerto Rico","volume":"22","author":"Nytch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"D16122","article-title":"Global canopy interception from satellite observations","volume":"115","author":"Miralles","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6610","article-title":"Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception within a single beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy: Influence of foliation, rain event characteristics, and meteorology","volume":"22","author":"Staelens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2015.02.0092","article-title":"Surface water storage capacity of twenty tree species in Davis, California","volume":"45","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2468\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1760189326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11212468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11212468","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]}}}