{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:31:49Z","timestamp":1770748309213,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000980","name":"Grains Research and Development Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAV00143, CSP00198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAV00143, CSP00198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000980","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frost damage to broadacre crops can cause up to an 85% loss in productivity. Although growers have few options for crop protection from frost, a rapid method for assessing frost-induced sterility would allow for timely management decisions (e.g., cutting for hay and altering marketing strategies). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) has shown success in mapping landscape components and was used with hyperspectral data collected on the canopy, heads, and leaves of wheat at different sites to determine if this could quantify frost damage. Spectral libraries were assembled from canopy components collected from local field sites to generate spectral libraries for SMA from which a series of fraction sets was derived. The frost (Fr) fraction was then used to estimate final yield as a means of measuring frost damage. The best-fitting Fr fractions to yield were derived from the same data set as the source Fr spectra, and these ranged over R2 = 0.58\u20130.75 at the canopy scale. It was clear that spectral signatures need to be collected at scale to assess frost damage. While Fr fractions were able to estimate yield there was no \u201cuniversal\u201d endmember set from which a Fr fraction could be derived. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was not able to estimate frost damage consistently. Future work requires determining whether there is a \u201cuniversal\u201d set of endmembers and a minimum set of targeted wavebands that could lead to multispectral instruments for frost assessment for use in ground and aerial sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1571978487000},"page":"2476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Frost Damage Assessment in Wheat Using Spectral Mixture Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6972-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn J.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, 1 Taylor Street, Epsom, VIC 3551, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}]},{"given":"Ken C.","family":"Flower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Nikolaus","family":"Callow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6693-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Boruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Delahunty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, Cnr of Koorlong Avenue and Eleventh Street, Irymple, VIC 3500, Australia"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2018.1462660","article-title":"Image-Based Rapid Estimation of Frost Damage in Canola (Brassica napus L.)","volume":"44","author":"Duddu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. 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