{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:31:19Z","timestamp":1775842279221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise point positioning (PPP) has been used for decades not only for general positioning needs but also for geodetic and other scientific applications. The CNES-CLS Analysis Centre (AC) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) is performing PPP with phase ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) using the zero-difference ambiguity fixing approach also known as \u201cInteger PPP\u201d (IPPP). In this paper we examine the postprocessed kinematic PPP and PPP-AR using Galileo-only, GPS-only and Multi-GNSS (GPS + Galileo) constellations. The interest is to examine the accuracy for each GNSS system individually but also of their combination to measure the current benefits of using Galileo within a Multi-GNSS PPP and PPP-AR. Results show that Galileo-only positioning is nearly at the same level as GPS-only; around 2\u20134 mm horizontal and aound 10 mm vertical repeatability (example station of BRUX). In addition, the use of Galileo system\u2014even uncompleted\u2014improves the performance of the positioning when combined with GPS giving mm level repeatability (improvement of around 30% in East, North and Up components). Repeatabilities observed for Multi-GNSS (GPS + GAL) PPP-AR, taking into account the global network statistics, are a little larger, with 8 mm in horizontal and 17 mm in vertical directions. This result shows that including Galileo ameliorates the best positioning accuracy achieved until today with GPS PPP-AR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1571978487000},"page":"2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["PPP and PPP-AR Kinematic Post-Processed Performance of GPS-Only, Galileo-Only and Multi-GNSS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1817-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Katsigianni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (OMP), G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS Group), 8-10 rue Herm\u00e8s, 31520 Ramonville Saint Agne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Loyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS Group), 8-10 rue Herm\u00e8s, 31520 Ramonville Saint Agne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Perosanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (OMP), G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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