{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:36:25Z","timestamp":1790681785666,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 41601470, No. 41601406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41601470, No. 41601406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Strategic Planning Project of the Institute of Northeast Geography and Agroecology (IGA), Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["No. Y6H2091000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Y6H2091000"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2017277, 2012178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017277, 2012178"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of State Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University","award":["No. 19I02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 19I02"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China","award":["No. 2017FY100706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017FY100706"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information on mangrove species composition and distribution is key to studying functions of mangrove ecosystems and securing sustainable mangrove conservation. Even though remote sensing technology is developing rapidly currently, mapping mangrove forests at the species level based on freely accessible images is still a great challenge. This study built a Sentinel-2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series (from 2017-01-01 to 2018-12-31) to represent phenological trajectories of mangrove species and then demonstrated the feasibility of phenology-based mangrove species classification using the random forest algorithm in the Google Earth Engine platform. It was found that (i) in Zhangjiang estuary, the phenological trajectories (NDVI time series) of different mangrove species have great differences; (ii) the overall accuracy and Kappa confidence of the classification map is 84% and 0.84, respectively; and (iii) Months in late winter and early spring play critical roles in mangrove species mapping. This is the first study to use phonological signatures in discriminating mangrove species. The methodology presented can be used as a practical guideline for the mapping of mangrove or other vegetation species in other regions. However, future work should pay attention to various phenological trajectories of mangrove species in different locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1571978487000},"page":"2479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Incorporating the Plant Phenological Trajectory into Mangrove Species Mapping with Dense Time Series Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Google Earth Engine Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huiying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"National Earth System Science Data Center, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3102222","article-title":"Hyperspectral Data for Mangrove Species Mapping: A Comparison of Pixel-Based and Object-Based Approach","volume":"3","author":"Kamal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Wan, B., Qiu, P., Su, Y., Guo, Q., and Wu, X. 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