{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:43:35Z","timestamp":1779929015813,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a global 0.1\u00b0 \u00d7 0.1\u00b0 high-resolution inverse model, NIES-TM-FLEXPART-VAR (NTFVAR), and a methane emission evaluation using the Greenhouse Gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT) satellite and ground-based observations from 2010\u20132012. Prior fluxes contained two variants of anthropogenic emissions, Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) v4.3.2 and adjusted EDGAR v4.3.2 which were scaled to match the country totals by national reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), augmented by biomass burning emissions from Global Fire Assimilation System (GFASv1.2) and wetlands Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace Gases (VISIT). The ratio of the UNFCCC-adjusted global anthropogenic emissions to EDGAR is 98%. This varies by region: 200% in Russia, 84% in China, and 62% in India. By changing prior emissions from EDGAR to UNFCCC-adjusted values, the optimized total emissions increased from 36.2 to 46 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 for Russia, 12.8 to 14.3 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 for temperate South America, and 43.2 to 44.9 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 for contiguous USA, and the values decrease from 54 to 51.3 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 for China, 26.2 to 25.5 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 for Europe, and by 12.4 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 for India. The use of the national report to scale EDGAR emissions allows more detailed statistical data and country-specific emission factors to be gathered in place compared to those available for EDGAR inventory. This serves policy needs by evaluating the national or regional emission totals reported to the UNFCCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1571978487000},"page":"2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Methane Emission Estimates by the Global High-Resolution Inverse Model Using National Inventories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenjuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Climate Change, National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamil","family":"Maksyutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9197-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aki","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Janardanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Sasakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshinobu","family":"Machida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2720-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isamu","family":"Morino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Dlugokencky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Mammarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)\/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost","family":"Lavric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biogeochemical Systems, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuneo","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15979","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00923","article-title":"Atmospheric methane between 1000 AD and present: Evidence of anthropogenic emissions and climatic variability","volume":"103","author":"Etheridge","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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