{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:29:41Z","timestamp":1781818181150,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Project of Industry -Education - Research Cooperative Innovation in Yangling Demonstration Zone in China","award":["2018CXY-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CXY-23"]}]},{"name":"13th Five -Year Plan for Chinese National Key R&amp;D Project","award":["2017YFC0403203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0403203"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"111 Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.B12007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.B12007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the key principle of precision farming, variation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) within the field serves as the basis for crop management. Although the estimation of evapotranspiration has achieved great progress through the combination of different remote sensing data and the FAO-56 crop coefficient (Kc) method, lack of the accurate crop water stress coefficient (Ks) at different space\u2013time scales still hinder its operational application to farmer practices. This work aims to explore the potential of multispectral images taken from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for estimating the temporal and spatial variability of Ks under the water stress condition and mapping the variability of field maize ET combined with the FAO-56 Kc model. To search for an optimal estimation method, the performance of several models was compared including models based on Ks either derived from the crop water stress index (CWSI) or calculated by the canopy temperature ratio (Tc ratio), and combined with the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Compared with the Ks derived from the Tc ratio, the CWSI-based Ks responded well to water stress and had strong applicability and convenience. The results of the comparison show that ET derived from the Ks-CWSI had a higher correlation with the modified FAO-56 method, with an R2 = 0.81, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.95 mm\/d, and d = 0.94. In contrast, ET derived from the Ks-Tc ratio had a relatively lower correlation with an R2 = 0.68 and RMSE = 1.25 mm\/d. To obtain the evapotranspiration status of the whole maize field and formulate reasonable irrigation schedules, the CWSI obtained by a handheld infrared thermometer was inverted by the renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI) and the transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (TCARI). Then, the whole map of Ks can be derived from the VIs by the relationship between CWSI and Ks and can be taken as the basic input for ET estimation at the field scale. The final ET results based on multispectral UAV interpolation measurements can well reflect the crop ET status under different irrigation levels, and greatly help to improve irrigation scheduling through more precise management of deficit irrigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T11:26:13Z","timestamp":1572261973000},"page":"2519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["UAV Multispectral Imagery Combined with the FAO-56 Dual Approach for Maize Evapotranspiration Mapping in the North China Plain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2012.12.011","article-title":"A new irrigation priority index based on remote sensing data for assessing the networks irrigation scheduling","volume":"119","author":"Belaqziz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2018.02.011","article-title":"Improving water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat by optimizing irrigations in the North China Plain","volume":"221","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, M. (2017). Stress Coefficients for Soil Water Balance Combined with Water Stress Indicators for Irrigation Scheduling of Woody Crops. Horticulturae, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae3020038"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2010.12.015","article-title":"Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy","volume":"98","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"8","article-title":"Evapotranspiration: A scientometric analysis","volume":"47","author":"Casaroli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cientifica"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"26","article-title":"FAO Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56","volume":"56","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rome Food Agric. Organ. U. N."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.07.031","article-title":"Crop evapotranspiration estimation with FAO56: Past and future","volume":"147","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kilic, A., Allen, R., Kjaersgaard, J., Huntington, J., Kamble, B., Trezza, R., and Ratcliffe, I. (2012). Operational Remote Sensing of ET and Challenges. Evapotranspiration\u2014Remote Sens. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-009-9505-3","article-title":"Estimation of Crop Coefficient and Evapotranspiration of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an Irrigation Command Using Remote Sensing and GIS","volume":"24","author":"Gontia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2012.01.013","article-title":"Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for sprinkler-irrigated cotton crop in Apodi Plateau semiarid lands of Brazil","volume":"107","author":"Bezerra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.30463","article-title":"Crop Coefficients Derived from Reflected Canopy Radiation: A Concept","volume":"30","author":"Bausch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.19197","article-title":"Cotton irrigation scheduling using remotely sensed and FAO-S6 basal crop coefficients","volume":"48","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.11.018","article-title":"Combining a water balance model with evapotranspiration measurements to estimate total available soil water in irrigated and rainfed vineyards","volume":"165","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2000.923395x","article-title":"Site-Specific Analysis of a Droughted Corn Crop: I. Growth and Grain Yield","volume":"92","author":"Sadler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2010.07.011","article-title":"Assessing satellite-based basal crop coefficients for irrigated grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"98","author":"Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.02.004","article-title":"Combining FAO-56 model and ground-based remote sensing to estimate water consumptions of wheat crops in a semi-arid region","volume":"87","author":"Chehbouni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90090-6","article-title":"Relations between evaporation coefficients and vegetation indices studied by model simulations","volume":"50","author":"Choudhury","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-005-0001-0","article-title":"Wheat basal crop coefficients determined by normalized difference vegetation index","volume":"24","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellvert, J., Adeline, K., Baram, S., Pierce, L., Sanden, B., and Smart, D. (2018). Monitoring Crop Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients over an Almond and Pistachio Orchard Throughout Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0566.v1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.08.009","article-title":"Twenty five years of remote sensing in precision agriculture: Key advances and remaining knowledge gaps","volume":"114","author":"Mulla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1890\/120150","article-title":"Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Walters, D., and Kovacs, J.M. (2014). Applications of Low Altitude Remote Sensing in Agriculture upon Farmers\u2019 Requests\u2014A Case Study in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112894"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-012-9274-5","article-title":"The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision agriculture: A review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.01.020","article-title":"UAVs challenge to assess water stress for sustainable agriculture","volume":"153","author":"Gago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Er-Raki, S., Chehbouni, A., and Duchemin, B. (2010). Combining Satellite Remote Sensing Data with the FAO-56 Dual Approach for Water Use Mapping In Irrigated Wheat Fields of a Semi-Arid Region. Remote Sens., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2010375"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"D05109","article-title":"Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56","volume":"300","author":"Allan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fao Rome"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.08.010","article-title":"Satellite-based ET mapping to assess variation in ET with timing of crop development","volume":"88","author":"Tasumi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"134","article-title":"Estimating Method of Crop Coefficient of Maize Based on UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nongye Jixie Xuebao\/Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2007.10.013","article-title":"Improvement of FAO-56 method for olive orchards through sequential assimilation of thermal infrared-based estimates of ET","volume":"95","author":"Chehbouni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1029\/WR017i004p01133","article-title":"Canopy Temperature as a Crop Water Stress Indicator","volume":"17","author":"Jackson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2008.09.015","article-title":"Evaluating the Crop Water Stress Index and its correlation with latent heat and CO2 fluxes over winter wheat and maize in the North China plain","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.06.014","article-title":"Estimating the water budget components of irrigated crops: Combining the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient with surface temperature and vegetation index data","volume":"208","author":"Merlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2016.07.007","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal remote sensing indices to estimate crop evapotranspiration coefficients","volume":"179","author":"Kullberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.03.023","article-title":"Comparison of canopy temperature-based water stress indices for maize","volume":"156","author":"DeJonge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.601","article-title":"Evapotranspiration adjustments for deficit-irrigated corn using canopy temperature: A concept","volume":"60","author":"Bausch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.07.026","article-title":"Recent advances in crop water stress detection","volume":"141","author":"Ihuoma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-012-0382-9","article-title":"Assessment of vineyard water status variability by thermal and multispectral imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)","volume":"30","author":"Baluja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00114-3","article-title":"Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements","volume":"51","author":"Roujean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Niu, Y., and Han, W. (2019). Mapping Maize Water Stress Based on UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060605"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.39320","article-title":"Performance characteristics of self-propelled center-pivot sprinkler irrigation system","volume":"11","author":"Heermann","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"953","article-title":"Calculation of crop coefficient and water consumption of summer maize","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shuili Xuebao\/J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2013.05.018","article-title":"Partitioning evapotranspiration into soil evaporation and transpiration using a modified dual crop coefficient model in irrigated maize field with ground-mulching","volume":"127","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lv, Y., and Li, B. (2006). Soil Science, China Agriculture Press."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90066-1","article-title":"The gravimetric method of soil moisture determination Part I A study of equipment, and methodological problems","volume":"11","author":"Reynolds","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2307\/1933705","article-title":"A Method for Determination of Infrared Emittance of Leaves","volume":"50","author":"Idso","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00194-8","article-title":"Using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method over an irrigated region as part of an evapotranspiration intercomparison study","volume":"229","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2007.09.001","article-title":"Spectral vegetation indices for benchmarking water productivity of irrigated cotton and sugarbeet crops","volume":"95","author":"Mateos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"90","article-title":"Estimating rainfed spring maize evapotranspiration using modified dual crop coefficient approach based on leaf area index","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao\/Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, M., and Allen, R. (2016). Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, and Irrigation Water Requirements, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784414057"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W. (1973, January 10\u201314). Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Proceedings of the Third ERTS Symposium, NASA, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00018-4","article-title":"Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture","volume":"81","author":"Haboudane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.024","article-title":"A PRI-based water stress index combining structural and chlorophyll effects: Assessment using diurnal narrow-band airborne imagery and the CWSI thermal index","volume":"138","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trout, T., Johnson, L., and Gartung, J. (2008). Remote Sensing of Canopy Cover in Horticultural Crops. HortScience, 43.","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.43.2.333"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, L.F., and Trout, T.J. (2012). Satellite NDVI Assisted Monitoring of Vegetable Crop Evapotranspiration in California\u2019s San Joaquin Valley. Remote Sens., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4020439"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(81)90032-7","article-title":"Normalizing the stress-degree-day parameter for environmental variability","volume":"24","author":"Idso","year":"1981","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.11.009","article-title":"Mapping daily and seasonally evapotranspiration using remote sensing techniques over the Nile delta","volume":"213","author":"Elnmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, N.A., Hunsaker, J.D., Bounoua, L., Karnieli, A., Luckett, E.W., and Strand, R. (2018). Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration over the Central Arizona Irrigation and Drainage District, USA. Agronomy, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0501.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(00)00070-8","article-title":"Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field under Mediterranean climate: A review","volume":"13","author":"Rana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation","volume":"212","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02265-Y","article-title":"Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.11.001","article-title":"Mapping daily evapotranspiration at field scales over rainfed and irrigated agricultural areas using remote sensing data fusion","volume":"186","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8392","article-title":"Vegetation Index-Based Crop Coefficients to Estimate Evapotranspiration by Remote Sensing in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems","volume":"25","author":"Glenn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.08.007","article-title":"Performance of the two-source energy budget (TSEB) model for the monitoring of evapotranspiration over irrigated annual crops in North Africa","volume":"193","author":"Diarra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2003.1071","article-title":"Carbon Dioxide and Temperature Effects on Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean","volume":"95","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00103","article-title":"Water-Use Efficiency: Advances and Challenges in a Changing Climate","volume":"10","author":"Hatfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.016","article-title":"Detection of early plant stress responses in hyperspectral images","volume":"93","author":"Behmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/00387010.2014.909495","article-title":"Determining the Canopy Water Stress for Spring Wheat Using Canopy Hyperspectral Reflectance Data in Loess Plateau Semiarid Regions","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.007","article-title":"Fluorescence, temperature and narrow-band indices acquired from a UAV platform for water stress detection using a micro-hyperspectral imager and a thermal camera","volume":"117","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.06.013","article-title":"Estimating net irrigation requirement of winter wheat using model- and satellite-based single and basal crop coefficients","volume":"208","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0444-7","article-title":"Evapotranspiration from an Olive Orchard using Remote Sensing-Based Dual Crop Coefficient Approach","volume":"27","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.06.035","article-title":"Capability of Sentinel-2 data for estimating maximum evapotranspiration and irrigation requirements for tomato crop in Central Italy","volume":"215","author":"Vanino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., Han, W., Zhao, T., and Tang, J. (2019). Decision Support System for Variable Rate Irrigation Based on UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132880"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1410300","article-title":"What good are unmanned aircraft systems for agricultural remote sensing and precision agriculture?","volume":"39","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:29:55Z","timestamp":1760189395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11212519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11212519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}}}