{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:53:56Z","timestamp":1776088436268,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doppler wind LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) makes use of the principle of optical Doppler shift between the reference and backscattered radiations to measure radial velocities at distances up to several kilometers above the ground. Such instruments promise some advantages, including its large scan volume, movability and provision of 3-dimensional wind measurements, as well as its relatively higher temporal and spatial resolution comparing with other measurement devices. In recent decades, Doppler LiDARs developed by scientific institutes and commercial companies have been well adopted in several real-life applications. Doppler LiDARs are installed in about a dozen airports to study aircraft-induced vortices and detect wind shears. In the wind energy industry, the Doppler LiDAR technique provides a promising alternative to in-situ techniques in wind energy assessment, turbine wake analysis and turbine control. Doppler LiDARs have also been applied in meteorological studies, such as observing boundary layers and tracking tropical cyclones. These applications demonstrate the capability of Doppler LiDARs for measuring backscatter coefficients and wind profiles. In addition, Doppler LiDAR measurements show considerable potential for validating and improving numerical models. It is expected that future development of the Doppler LiDAR technique and data processing algorithms will provide accurate measurements with high spatial and temporal resolutions under different environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T11:26:13Z","timestamp":1572261973000},"page":"2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3381-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Janet F.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, P.O. Box 243, Reading RG6 6BB, UK"}]},{"given":"Pak-Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Jimmy Chi Hung","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Yuguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7033-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Wai Leung","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4970084302","article-title":"Historical sketch of anemometry and anemometers","volume":"8","author":"Laughton","year":"1882","journal-title":"Q. 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