{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:50:33Z","timestamp":1766451033168,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive annual grasses are of concern in much of the western United States because they tolerate resource variability and have high reproductive capacity, with propagules that are readily dispersed in disturbed areas like those created and maintained for energy development. Early season invasive grasses \u201cgreen up\u201d earlier than most native plants, producing a distinct pulse of greenness in the early spring that can be exploited to identify their location using multi-date imagery. To determine if invasive annual grasses increased around energy developments after the construction phase, we calculated an invasives index using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery for a 34-year time period (1985\u20132018) and assessed trends for 1755 wind turbines installed between 1988 and 2013 in the southern California desert. The index uses the maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for early season greenness (January-June), and mean NDVI (July\u2013October) for the later dry season. We estimated the relative cover of invasive annuals each year at turbine locations and control sites and tested for changes before and after each turbine was installed. The time series was also mapped across the region and temporal trends were assessed relative to seasonal precipitation. The results showed an increase in early season invasives at turbine sites after installation, but also an increase in many of the surrounding control areas. Maps of the invasive index show a region-wide increase starting around 1998, and much of the increase occurred in areas surrounding wind development sites. These results suggest that invasions around the energy developments occurred within the context of a larger regional invasion, and while the development did not necessarily initiate the invasion, annual grasses were more prevalent around the developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"2553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Landsat Time Series Assessment of Invasive Annual Grasses Following Energy Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Villarreal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, P.O. Box 158, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Soulard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, P.O. Box 158, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent contractor, Oakland, CA 94609, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Introduced species: A significant component of human-caused global change","volume":"21","author":"Vitousek","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14435","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14435","article-title":"No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide","volume":"8","author":"Seebens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002","article-title":"Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Pimentel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of Invasive Alien Plants on Fire Regimes","volume":"54","author":"Brooks","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2111\/REM-D-11-00157.1","article-title":"Introduced and Invasive Species in Novel Rangeland Ecosystems: Friends or Foes?","volume":"65","author":"Belnap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9262-x","article-title":"The habitat and conduit functions of roads in the spread of three invasive plant species","volume":"11","author":"Christen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01408.x","article-title":"Roads as Conduits for Exotic Plant Invasions in a Semiarid Landscape","volume":"17","author":"Gelbard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31634-3","article-title":"Recovery of soils and vegetation in a Mojave desert ghost town, Nevada, U.S.A","volume":"3","author":"Webb","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2111\/REM-D-09-00176.1","article-title":"Assessing Transportation Infrastructure Impacts on Rangelands: Test of a Standard Rangeland Assessment Protocol","volume":"63","author":"Duniway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2317","article-title":"Modeling Landscape-scale Erosion Potential Related to Vehicle Disturbances Along the USA\u2013Mexico Border","volume":"27","author":"Villarreal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, R.I., Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Miller, W.M., and Powell, J. (2009). Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006802"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copeland, H.E., Doherty, K.E., Naugle, D.E., Pocewicz, A., and Kiesecker, J.M. (2009). Mapping Oil and Gas Development Potential in the US Intermountain West and Estimating Impacts to Species. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007400"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4785","article-title":"Ecosystem services lost to oil and gas in North America","volume":"348","author":"Allred","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517656112","article-title":"Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas","volume":"112","author":"Hernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.09.021","article-title":"Dominance and environmental correlates of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert, USA","volume":"67","author":"Brooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12863","article-title":"Alternative pathways to landscape transformation: Invasive grasses, burn severity and fire frequency in arid ecosystems","volume":"105","author":"Klinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.03.045","article-title":"Prevention of green energy loss: Estimation of fire hazard potential in wind turbines","volume":"140","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.034","article-title":"Disturbance automated reference toolset (DART): Assessing patterns in ecological recovery from energy development on the Colorado Plateau","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"Nauman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"407","article-title":"Landsat time series analysis of fractional plant cover changes on abandoned energy development sites","volume":"73","author":"Waller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.280","article-title":"Oil and gas development footprint in the Piceance Basin, western Colorado","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7323-8","article-title":"An approach for evaluating changes in land-use from energy sprawl and other anthropogenic activities with implications for biotic resource management","volume":"77","author":"Wolaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.05.012","article-title":"Remote sensing analysis of riparian vegetation response to desert marsh restoration in the Mexican Highlands","volume":"70","author":"Norman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.05.018","article-title":"Assessing postfire recovery of chamise chaparral using multi-temporal spectral vegetation index trajectories derived from Landsat imagery","volume":"183","author":"Storey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1317453","article-title":"Utilization of Landsat data to quantify land-use and land-cover changes related to oil and gas activities in West-Central Alberta from 2005 to 2013","volume":"54","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0578-9","article-title":"Remote detection of invasive plants: A review of spectral, textural and phenological approaches","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00761.x","article-title":"Benefits of hyperspectral remote sensing for tracking plant invasions","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7792","DOI":"10.3390\/s8127792","article-title":"An annual plant growth proxy in the Mojave Desert using MODIS-EVI data","volume":"8","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soulard, C.E., Albano, C.M., Villarreal, M.L., and Walker, J.J. (2016). Continuous 1985\u20132012 Landsat Monitoring to Assess Fire Effects on Meadows in Yosemite National Park, California. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050371"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.029","article-title":"Incorporating plant phenological trajectory in exotic saltcedar detection with monthly time series of Landsat imagery","volume":"182","author":"Diao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, Z.-T., Gao, Y., Xie, X., Guo, H.-Q., Zhang, T.-T., and Zhao, B. (2013). Spectral Discrimination of the Invasive Plant Spartina alterniflora at Multiple Phenological Stages in a Saltmarsh Wetland. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067315"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cheatgrass and red brome; the history and biology of two invaders","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Reid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kitchen, Stanley G.; Pendleton, Rosemary L.; Monaco, Thomas A.; Vernon, Jason, comps. 2008. Proceedings-Shrublands Under Fire: Disturbance and Recovery in a Changing World; 2006 June 6\u20138; Cedar City, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-52"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-013-9725-5","article-title":"Resilience to Stress and Disturbance, and Resistance to Bromus tectorum L. Invasion in Cold Desert Shrublands of Western North America","volume":"17","author":"Chambers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.04.024","article-title":"Development of remote sensing indicators for mapping episodic die-off of an invasive annual grass (Bromus tectorum) from the Landsat archive","volume":"79","author":"Weisberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2016.03.002","article-title":"Cheatgrass Percent Cover Change: Comparing Recent Estimates to Climate Change\u2212Driven Predictions in the Northern Great Basin","volume":"69","author":"Boyte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500127815","article-title":"Estimating cover of an invasive grass (Bromus tectorum) using tobit regression and phenology derived from two dates of Landsat ETM+ data","volume":"26","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"DESI\u2014Detection of early-season invasives (software-installation manual and user\u2019s guide version 1.0)","volume":"2010","author":"Kokaly","year":"2011","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 2010-1302"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-019-00817-8","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of cheatgrass invasion in Colorado Plateau National Parks","volume":"34","author":"Bishop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.016","article-title":"Identifying land cover variability distinct from land cover change: Cheatgrass in the Great Basin","volume":"94","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3413","article-title":"Development of gridded surface meteorological data for ecological applications and modelling","volume":"33","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2019, September 05). U.S. Wind Turbine Database, Available online: https:\/\/eerscmap.usgs.gov\/uswtdb\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0301003","article-title":"A Project for Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity","volume":"3","author":"Eidenshink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Davidson, A., and McKerrow, A. (2016). GAP\/LANDFIRE National Terrestrial Ecosystems 2011."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019). R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"California Public Utility Commission (2013). California Public Utility Commission 2013."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"UNEP, U. (2011). Towards a green economy: Pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication. Nairobi Kenya UNEP."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.08.030","article-title":"Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy","volume":"70","author":"Gasparatos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biu224","article-title":"The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services","volume":"65","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1614\/0043-1745(2000)048[0255:IWIRSI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Invasive weeds in rangelands: Species, impacts, and management","volume":"48","author":"DiTomaso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effects of oil and gas development on vertebrate community composition in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California","volume":"9","author":"Fiehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1071\/WR17059","article-title":"Disturbance affects biotic community composition at desert wind farms","volume":"45","author":"Keehn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Hunter, R. (1991). Bromus invasions on the Nevada Test Site: Present status of B. Rubens and B. tectorum with notes on their relationship to disturbance and altitude. Gt. Basin Nat., 176\u2013182."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2307\/1933931","article-title":"Ecological Status of Introduced Brome Grasses (Bromus Spp.) in Desert Vegetation of Southern Nevada","volume":"47","author":"Beatley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2307\/2425750","article-title":"Fire and Changes in Creosote Bush Scrub of the Western Sonoran Desert, California","volume":"116","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-010-9888-5","article-title":"Effects of natural and anthropogenic gradients on native and exotic winter annuals in a southern California Desert","volume":"212","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.10.024","article-title":"Climate legacy and lag effects on dryland plant communities in the southwestern U.S","volume":"74","author":"Bunting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0703075","article-title":"Long-Term Post-Fire Effects on Spatial Ecology and Reproductive Output of Female Agassiz\u2019s Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at a Wind Energy Facility near Palm Springs, California, USA","volume":"7","author":"Lovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1894\/0038-4909-58.2.223","article-title":"Desert Fires Fueled by Native Annual Forbs: Effects of Fire on Communities of Plants and Birds in the Lower Sonoran Desert of Arizona","volume":"58","author":"Esque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Southwest. Nat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.09.027","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980\u20132004","volume":"67","author":"Brooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1071\/WF18147","article-title":"Agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) activity areas are little changed after wind turbine-induced fires in California","volume":"27","author":"Lovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2019, August 27). Another Wind Turbine fire\u2014This Time in Tehachapi. Available online: https:\/\/www.eastcountymagazine.org\/another-wind-turbine-fire-%E2%80%93-time-tehachapi."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1071\/WF14024","article-title":"Location, timing and extent of wildfire vary by cause of ignition","volume":"24","author":"Syphard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.05.026","article-title":"Multi-index time series monitoring of drought and fire effects on desert grasslands","volume":"183","author":"Villarreal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-016-0466-7","article-title":"Wildfire and exotic grass invasion alter plant productivity in response to climate variability in the Mojave Desert","volume":"32","author":"Horn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kern County Planning and Community Development Department (2013). Addison Energy Wind Project Draft Environmental Impact Report SCH# 2013091022, Kern County Planning and Community Development Department."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distribution of the Exotic Mustard Brassica tournefortii in the Mohawk Dunes and Mountain, Arizona","volume":"19","author":"Malusa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Desert Plants"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, C.S.A., Walker, J.J., Skirvin, S.M., Patrick-Birdwell, C., Weltzin, J.F., and Raichle, H. (2016). Mapping Presence and Predicting Phenological Status of Invasive Buffelgrass in Southern Arizona Using MODIS, Climate and Citizen Science Observation Data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070524"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:33Z","timestamp":1760189433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11212553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11212553","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]}}}