{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:42:52Z","timestamp":1773808972478,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["721995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["721995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MoReDEHESHyReS","award":["50EE1621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50EE1621"]}]},{"name":"SynerTGE","award":["CGL2015-69095-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-69095-R"]}]},{"name":"FLU\u03c7PEC","award":["CGL2012-34383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2012-34383"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sun-Induced fluorescence at 760 nm (F760) is increasingly being used to predict gross primary production (GPP) through light use efficiency (LUE) modeling, even though the mechanistic processes that link the two are not well understood. We analyzed the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) availability on the processes that link GPP and F760 in a Mediterranean grassland manipulated with nutrient addition. To do so, we used a combination of process-based modeling with Soil-Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy (SCOPE), and statistical analyses such as path modeling. With this study, we uncover the mechanisms that link the fertilization-driven changes in canopy nitrogen concentration (N%) to the observed changes in F760 and GPP. N addition changed plant community structure and increased canopy chlorophyll content, which jointly led to changes in photosynthetic active radiation (APAR), ultimately affecting both GPP and F760. Changes in the abundance of graminoids, (%graminoids) driven by N addition led to changes in structural properties of the canopy such as leaf angle distribution, that ultimately influenced observed F760 by controlling the escape probability of F760 (Fesc). In particular, we found a change in GPP\u2013F760 relationship between the first and the second year of the experiment that was largely driven by the effect of plant type composition on Fesc, whose best predictor is %graminoids. The P addition led to a statistically significant increase on light use efficiency of fluorescence emission (LUEf), in particular in plots also with N addition, consistent with leaf level studies. The N addition induced changes in the biophysical properties of the canopy that led to a trade-off between surface temperature (Ts), which decreased, and F760 at leaf scale (F760leaf,fw), which increased. We found that Ts is an important predictor of the light use efficiency of photosynthesis, indicating the importance of Ts in LUE modeling approaches to predict GPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1572525503000},"page":"2562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Nitrogen and Phosphorus Effect on Sun-Induced Fluorescence and Gross Primary Productivity in Mediterranean Grassland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Martini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Pacheco-Labrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Perez-Priego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"van der Tol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0726-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek S.","family":"El-Madany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Julitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JB hyperspectral devices, 33 \u2013 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micol","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Reichstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8202-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rune","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, N\u00f8rregade 10, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Rascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of bio- and geosciences, IBG-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Julich, Leo-Brandt-Str.,  52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8053-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Pilar","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing and Spectroscopy Laboratory (SpecLab), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4377-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro De Estudios Ambientales Del Mediterr\u00e1neo, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Casc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Ctra. Coru\u00f1a, Km. 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Migliavacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2307\/2401901","article-title":"Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Monteith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320008111","article-title":"Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"111","author":"Guanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063201","article-title":"Solar--induced chlorophyll fluorescence that correlates with canopy photosynthesis on diurnal and seasonal scales in a temperate deciduous forest","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12664","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation photosynthetic capacity from space--based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence for terrestrial biosphere models","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications","volume":"113","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01908.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of sun--induced fluorescence to improve modeling of diurnal courses of gross primary production (gpp)","volume":"16","author":"Damm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14437","article-title":"Plant functional traits and canopy structure control the relationship between photosynthetic co2 uptake and far-red sun-induced fluorescence in a mediterranean grassland under different nutrient availability","volume":"214","author":"Migliavacca","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.05.011","article-title":"High resolution field spectroscopy measurements for estimating gross ecosystem production in a rice field","volume":"150","author":"Rossini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.025","article-title":"Airborne based spectroscopy of red and far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Implications for improved estimates of gross primary productivity","volume":"184","author":"Wieneke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13136","article-title":"Improving the monitoring of crop productivity using spaceborne solar--induced fluorescence","volume":"22","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130171","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0171","article-title":"Forest productivity and water stress in amazonia: Observations from gosat chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"280","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12652","article-title":"Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models","volume":"20","author":"Parazoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.07.022","article-title":"Meta-analysis assessing potential of steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence for remote sensing detection of plant water, temperature and nitrogen stress","volume":"168","author":"Rascher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"275","article-title":"Plant chlorophyll fluorescence: Active and passive measurements at canopy and leaf scales with different nitrogen treatments","volume":"67","author":"Moran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197951","article-title":"Temperature-dependence of violaxanthin deepoxidation and nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching in intact leaves of gossypium-hirsutum l and malva-parviflora l","volume":"184","author":"Bilger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govindjee (1995). 63 years since kautsky - chlorophyll-a fluorescence. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 22, 131\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9950131"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru191","article-title":"Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: Mechanisms and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Tyystjarvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002713","article-title":"Models of fluorescence and photosynthesis for interpreting measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"119","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.004","article-title":"Far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows ecosystem-specific relationships to gross primary production: An assessment based on observational and modeling approaches","volume":"166","author":"Damm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02444.x","article-title":"Trait convergence and trait divergence in herbaceous plant communities: Mechanisms and consequences","volume":"17","author":"Grime","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1086\/314180","article-title":"Variability in leaf morphology and chemical composition as a function of canopy light environment in coexisting deciduous trees","volume":"160","author":"Niinemets","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377192","article-title":"Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of c 3 plants","volume":"78","author":"Evans","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.04.006","article-title":"Satellite retrievals of leaf chlorophyll and photosynthetic capacity for improved modeling of gpp","volume":"177","author":"Houborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386231","article-title":"A biochemical model of photosynthetic co 2 assimilation in leaves of c 3 species","volume":"149","author":"Farquhar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.3.817","article-title":"Enhanced employment of the xanthophyll cycle and thermal energy dissipation in spinach exposed to high light and n stress","volume":"113","author":"Verhoeven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15688","article-title":"Towards a more physiological representation of vegetation phosphorus processes in land surface models","volume":"222","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-016-0657-0","article-title":"Relationship between photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean under varying phosphorus nutrition at ambient and elevated co 2","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00224-0","article-title":"A multi-component, multi-species model of vegetation-atmosphere co2 and energy exchange for mountain grasslands","volume":"106","author":"Wohlfahrt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/28.10.1483","article-title":"Seasonal acclimation of photosystem ii in pinus sylvestris. Ii. Using the rate constants of sustained thermal energy dissipation and photochemistry to study the effect of the light environment","volume":"28","author":"Juurola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.029","article-title":"Linking canopy scattering of far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence with reflectance","volume":"209","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.035","article-title":"Downscaling of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from canopy level to photosystem level using a random forest model","volume":"231","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.05.028","article-title":"A practical approach for estimating the escape ratio of near-infrared solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"232","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.05.005","article-title":"Response of leaf respiration to water stress in mediterranean species with different growth forms","volume":"68","author":"Medrano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, L., Van Wittenberghe, S., Amor\u00f3s-L\u00f3pez, J., Vila-Franc\u00e9s, J., G\u00f3mez-Chova, L., and Moreno, J. (2017). Diurnal cycle relationships between passive fluorescence, pri and npq of vegetation in a controlled stress experiment. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080770"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.01.011","article-title":"Separating physiologically and directionally induced changes in pri using brdf models","volume":"112","author":"Hilker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6351","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-6351-2015","article-title":"Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index improve remote-sensing gross primary production estimates under varying nutrient availability in a typical mediterranean savanna ecosystem","volume":"12","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., El-Madany, T., Filippa, G., Ma, X., Ahrens, B., Carrara, A., Gonzalez-Cascon, R., Cremonese, E., Galvagno, M., and Hammer, T. (2018). Using near-infrared-enabled digital repeat photography to track structural and physiological phenology in mediterranean tree\u2013grass ecosystems. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081293"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2003.00015.x","article-title":"A tribute to claude shannon (1916-2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the \u2018shannon-wiener\u2019 index","volume":"12","author":"Spellerberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/10256016.2012.666977","article-title":"Stable isotope deltas: Tiny, yet robust signatures in nature","volume":"48","author":"Brand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isot. Environ. Health Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.5129","article-title":"Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results","volume":"25","author":"Coplen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111362","article-title":"Multiple-constraint inversion of scope. Evaluating the potential of gpp and sif for the retrieval of plant functional traits","volume":"234","author":"Julitta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0932-7","article-title":"Carbon isotopes and water use efficiency: Sense and sensitivity","volume":"155","author":"Seibt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-3109-2009","article-title":"An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance","volume":"6","author":"Verhoef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vina, A., and Gitelson, A.A. (2005). New developments in the remote estimation of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in crops. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023647"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(95)00097-6","article-title":"A new approach for remote sensing of canopy-absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. I: Total surface absorption","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(95)00098-4","article-title":"A new approach for remote sensing of canopy absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. Ii: Proportion of canopy absorption","volume":"55","author":"Moreau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Sager, J., and McFarlane, J. (1997). Plant growth chamber handbook. Radiation, 1\u201329."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"343","article-title":"Alternatives to f-test in one way anova in case of heterogeneity of variances (a simulation study)","volume":"52","author":"Moder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Test. Assess. Model."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"113","article-title":"Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with unequal n\u2019s and\/or variances: A monte carlo study","volume":"1","author":"Games","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groemping, U., and Matthias, L. (2006). Relaimpo: Relative Importance of Regressors in Linear Models, Foundation for Open Access Statistics. R Package Version 1.1-1.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.relaimpo"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(80)90042-4","article-title":"Using leaf temperature to assess evapotranspiration and advection","volume":"22","author":"Sumayao","year":"1980","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: An r package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5\u201312 (beta)","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"329","article-title":"Plants and high temperature stress","volume":"42","author":"Weis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2009.09.003","article-title":"Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics","volume":"20","author":"Iacobucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Consum. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201400117","article-title":"Combined effects of phosphorus nutrition and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, and nutrient efficiency of cotton","volume":"177","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02087","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2087","article-title":"Nitrogen addition and ecosystem functioning: Both species abundances and traits alter community structure and function","volume":"9","author":"Tatarko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1029\/WR017i004p01133","article-title":"Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator","volume":"17","author":"Jackson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.05.012","article-title":"Monitoring water stress using time series of observed to unstressed surface temperature difference","volume":"146","author":"Boulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01735.x","article-title":"Chlororespiration is involved in the adaptation of brassica plants to heat and high light intensity","volume":"30","author":"Diaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell  Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.004","article-title":"A new model of gross primary productivity for north american ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from modis","volume":"112","author":"Sims","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2017.06.002","article-title":"Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions","volume":"23","author":"Weisser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12454","article-title":"Scale dependence in the effects of leaf ecophysiological traits on photosynthesis: Bayesian parameterization of photosynthesis models","volume":"200","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankenberg, C., and Berry, J. (2018). Solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Origins, relation to photosynthesis and retrieval. Comprehensive Remote Sensing, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.10632-3"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.001","article-title":"Remote estimation of gross primary production in maize and support for a new paradigm based on total crop chlorophyll content","volume":"115","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-007-9187-8","article-title":"Variability and application of the chlorophyll fluorescence emission ratio red\/far-red of leaves","volume":"92","author":"Buschmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210196109","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing of foliar nitrogen content","volume":"110","author":"Knyazikhin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19336","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810021105","article-title":"Canopy nitrogen, carbon assimilation, and albedo in temperate and boreal forests: Functional relations and potential climate feedbacks","volume":"105","author":"Ollinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Migliavacca, M., El-Madany, T.S., Perez-Priego, O., Carrara, A., Gonzalez-Cascon, R., Martin Isabel, M.P., Moreno, G., Guan, J., Hammer, T.W., and Henkel, K. (2018). Effects of a large scale stoichiometric imbalance manipulation on the ecosystem functioning of a Mediterranean tree-grass ecosystem: The MANIP experiment. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, American Geophysical Union."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900137106","article-title":"Reply to fisher: Nitrogen\u2013albedo relationship in forests remains robust and thought-provoking","volume":"106","author":"Ollinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2012-0324","article-title":"Foliar nitrogen in relation to plant traits and reflectance properties of new hampshire forests","volume":"43","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00425.x","article-title":"Stable carbon isotopes as indicators of increased water use efficiency and productivity in white spruce (picea glauca (moench) voss) seedlings","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15782","article-title":"Estimating photosynthetic capacity from leaf reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence by coupling radiative transfer to a model for photosynthesis","volume":"223","author":"Vilfan","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1760189452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11212562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11212562","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]}}}