{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:21:33Z","timestamp":1776356493580,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX16AG61G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AG61G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX14AJ18G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX14AJ18G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1065777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1065777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurately quantifying gross primary production (GPP) globally is critical for assessing plant productivity, carbon balance, and carbon-climate feedbacks, while current GPP estimates exhibit substantial uncertainty. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) observed by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) has offered unprecedented opportunities for monitoring land photosynthesis, while its sparse coverage remains a bottleneck for mapping finer-resolution GPP globally. Here, we used the global, OCO-2-based SIF product (GOSIF) and linear relationships between SIF and GPP to map GPP globally at a 0.05\u00b0 spatial resolution and 8-day time step for the period from 2000 to 2017. To account for the uncertainty of GPP estimates resulting from the SIF-GPP relationship, we used a total of eight SIF-GPP relationships with different forms (universal and biome-specific, with and without intercept) at both site and grid cell levels to estimate GPP. Our results showed that all of the eight SIF-GPP relationships performed well in estimating GPP globally. The ensemble mean 8-day GPP was generally highly correlated with flux tower GPP for 91 eddy covariance flux sites across the globe (R2 = 0.74, Root Mean Square Error = 1.92 g C m\u22122 d\u22121). Our fine-resolution GPP estimates showed reasonable spatial and seasonal variations across the globe and fully captured both seasonal cycles and spatial patterns present in our coarse-resolution (1\u00b0) GPP estimates based on coarse-resolution SIF data directly aggregated from discrete OCO-2 soundings. SIF-GPP relationships with different forms could lead to significant differences in annual GPP particularly in the tropics. Our ensemble global annual GPP estimate (135.5 \u00b1 8.8 Pg C yr\u22121) is between the median estimate of non-process based methods and the median estimate of process-based models. Our GPP estimates showed interannual variability in many regions and exhibited increasing trends in many parts of the globe particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. With the availability of high-quality, gridded SIF observations from space (e.g., TROPOMI, FLEX), our novel approach does not rely on any other input data (e.g., climate data, soil properties) and therefore can map GPP solely based on satellite SIF observations and potentially lead to more accurate GPP estimates at regional to global scales. The use of a universal SIF-GPP relationship versus biome-specific relationships can also avoid the uncertainty associated with land cover maps. Our novel, independent GPP product (GOSIF GPP), freely available at our data repository, will be valuable for studying photosynthesis, carbon cycle, agricultural production, and ecosystem responses to climate change and disturbances, informing ecosystem management, and benchmarking terrestrial biosphere and Earth system models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1572525503000},"page":"2563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":313,"title":["Mapping Photosynthesis Solely from Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Global, Fine-Resolution Dataset of Gross Primary Production Derived from OCO-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingfeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-7-349-2015","article-title":"Global carbon budget 2015","volume":"7","author":"Moriarty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Scie. Data"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiro, B., Barr, A., Barr, J., Black, T.A., Bracho, R., Brown, M., Chen, J., Clark, K., Davis, K., and Dore, S. (2010). Ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes after disturbance in forests of North America. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001390"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/2009EI275.1","article-title":"Twentieth-century droughts and their impacts on terrestrial carbon cycling in China","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.11.002","article-title":"Modeling of gross and net carbon dioxide exchange over a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan: analysis of seasonal and interannual change","volume":"134","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6801","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00417.1","article-title":"Evaluating the land and ocean components of the global carbon cycle in the CMIP5 Earth System Models","volume":"26","author":"Anav","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa7a19","article-title":"Photosynthetic productivity and its efficiencies in ISIMIP2a biome models: benchmarking for impact assessment studies","volume":"12","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.007","article-title":"Prospects for chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2","volume":"147","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2803-2013","article-title":"Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate spectral resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: Methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2","volume":"6","author":"Joiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.006","article-title":"Retrieval and global assessment of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT space measurements","volume":"121","author":"Guanter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankenberg, C., Fisher, J.B., Worden, J., Badgley, G., Saatchi, S.S., Lee, J.E., Toon, G.C., Butz, A., Jung, M., and Yokota, T. (2011). New global observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle from GOSAT: Patterns of plant fluorescence with gross primary productivity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048738"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.016","article-title":"What is global photosynthesis? History, uncertainties and opportunities","volume":"223","author":"Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"10456","article-title":"Global Retrievals of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence With TROPOMI: First Results and Intersensor Comparison to OCO-2","volume":"45","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, L., Han, J., Wood, J.D., Chang, C.Y.Y., and Sun, Y. (2019). Sun-induced Chl fluorescence and its importance for biophysical modeling of photosynthesis based on light reactions. New Phytol., 1.","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15796"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.09.034","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence observed by OCO-2 is strongly related to gross primary productivity estimated from flux towers in temperate forests","volume":"204","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14297","article-title":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly correlated with terrestrial photosynthesis for a wide variety of biomes: First global analysis based on OCO-2 and flux tower observations","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications","volume":"113","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Beringer, J., Hutley, L.B., Cleverly, J., Li, J., Liu, Q., and Sun, Y. (2019). Phenology Dynamics of Dryland Ecosystems Along North Australian Tropical Transect Revealed by Satellite Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082716"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075922","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence better captures seasonal and interannual gross primary productivity dynamics across dryland ecosystems of southwestern North America","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.05.015","article-title":"Consistency between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and gross primary production of vegetation in North America","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12652","article-title":"Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models","volume":"20","author":"Parazoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joiner, J., Yoshida, Y., Guanter, L., and Middleton, E.M. (2016). New methods for the retrieval of chlorophyll red fluorescence from hyperspectral satellite instruments: simulations and application to GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2015-387"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JG003580","article-title":"Effect of environmental conditions on the relationship between solar induced fluorescence and gross primary productivity at an OzFlux grassland site","volume":"122","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070775","article-title":"Multiscale analyses of solar-induced florescence and gross primary production","volume":"44","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5747","article-title":"OCO-2 advances photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"358","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Frankenberg, C., Jung, M., Joiner, J., Guanter, L., K\u00f6hler, P., and Magney, T. (2018). Overview of Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2: Retrieval, cross-mission comparison, and global monitoring for GPP. Remote Sens. Environ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.016"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.158","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of applications of satellite-derived sun-induced fluorescence at relatively high spatial resolution","volume":"619","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ. Amsterdam"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Wen, J., Chang, C., Frankenberg, C., and Sun, Y. (2018). High Resolution Global Contiguous Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) of Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL081109"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Joiner, J., Alemohammad, S.H., Zhou, S., and Gentine, P. (2018). A global spatially contiguous solar-induced fluorescence (CSIF) dataset using neural networks. Biogeosciences, 15.","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-2018-255"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Xiao, J. (2019). A Global, 005-Degree Product of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Derived from OCO-2, MODIS, and Reanalysis Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212563"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063201","article-title":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence that correlates with canopy photosynthesis on diurnal and seasonal scales in a temperate deciduous forest","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320008111","article-title":"Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"111","author":"Guanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Wang, X., Wei, W., and Wan, W. (2018). Use of Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Obtained by OCO-2 and GOME-2 for GPP Estimates of the Heihe River Basin, China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122039"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14427","article-title":"Angle matters: Bidirectional effects impact the slope of relationship between gross primary productivity and sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 across biomes","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14565","article-title":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence exhibits a universal relationship with gross primary productivity across a wide variety of biomes","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.06.015","article-title":"Estimation of net ecosystem carbon exchange for the conterminous United States by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data","volume":"148","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.013","article-title":"A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data","volume":"114","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods 1948, Griffin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, H.B. (1945). Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica J. Econom. Soc., 245\u2013259.","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111383","article-title":"Remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle: A review of advances over 50 years","volume":"233","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.004","article-title":"Far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows ecosystem-specific relationships to gross primary production: An assessment based on observational and modeling approaches","volume":"166","author":"Damm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.05.028","article-title":"A practical approach for estimating the escape ratio of near-infrared solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"232","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aab0b1","article-title":"Higher absorbed solar radiation partly offset the negative effects of water stress on the photosynthesis of Amazon forests during the 2015 drought","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12664","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation photosynthetic capacity from space-based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence for terrestrial biosphere models","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-4067-2015","article-title":"Investigating the usefulness of satellite-derived fluorescence data in inferring gross primary productivity within the carbon cycle data assimilation system","volume":"12","author":"Koffi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joiner, J., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, Y., Duveiller, G., Jung, M., Lyapustin, A., Wang, Y., and Tucker, C. (2018). Estimation of Terrestrial Global Gross Primary Production (GPP) with Satellite Data-Driven Models and Eddy Covariance Flux Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091346"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.06.014","article-title":"Directly estimating diurnal changes in GPP for C3 and C4 crops using far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"232","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.011","article-title":"Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa8978","article-title":"Regional contribution to variability and trends of global gross primary productivity","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.08.030","article-title":"Multi-scale evaluation of global gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration products derived from Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS)","volume":"186","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H.A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A.D., Arain, M.A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., and Jiquan, C. (2011). Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001566"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170165","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.165","article-title":"A global moderate resolution dataset of gross primary production of vegetation for 2000\u20132016","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076294","article-title":"Reconstructed Solar-Induced Fluorescence: A Machine Learning Vegetation Product Based on MODIS Surface Reflectance to Reproduce GOME-2 Solar-Induced Fluorescence","volume":"45","author":"Gentine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000483","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial gross primary production: A review","volume":"53","author":"Anav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"277","article-title":"Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain [and discussion]","volume":"281","author":"Monteith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2307\/2401901","article-title":"Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Monteith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G00J06","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001568","article-title":"Upscaling carbon fluxes from towers to the regional scale: Influence of parameter variability and land cover representation on regional flux estimates","volume":"116","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:54Z","timestamp":1760189454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/21\/2563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11212563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11212563","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]}}}