{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:41:20Z","timestamp":1766137280541,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lack of availability of historical and reliable river water level information is an issue that can be overcome through the exploitation of modern satellite remote sensing systems. This research has the objective of contributing in solving the information-gap problem of river flow monitoring through a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing technique that has the capability to perform water flow elevation estimation. This paper proposes the application of a new method for the design of a robust procedure to track over the time double-bounce reflections from bridges crossing rivers to measure the gap space existing between the river surface and bridges. Specifically, the difference in position between the single and double bounce is suitably measured over the time. Simulated and satellite temporal series of SAR data from COSMO-SkyMed data are compared to the ground measurements recorded for three gauges sites over the Po and Tiber Rivers, Italy. The obtained performance indices confirm the effectiveness of the method in the estimation of water level also in narrow or ungauged rivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T04:13:08Z","timestamp":1572840788000},"page":"2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pixel Tracking to Estimate Rivers Water Flow Elevation Using Cosmo-SkyMed Synthetic Aperture Radar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Biondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electromagnetic Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell\u2019Aquila, Piazzale E. Pontieri, 67100 Monteluco di Roio, L\u2019Aquila AQ, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Tarpanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica (IRPI), via Madonna Alta, 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Addabbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology for Transportations Faculty, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGiustino Fortunato\u201d, viale Raffale Delcogliano, 12, 82100 Benevento, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Signal and Image Processing, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Faculty, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cNiccol\u00f2 Cusano\u201d, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Roma, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McGraw-Hill Book Company (1959). 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