{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T02:23:47Z","timestamp":1778725427149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1503001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1503001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry","award":["LMEB201713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMEB201713"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing demand for land resources at the coast has exerted immense pressure on vulnerable environments. Population and economic growth in coastal cities have combined to produce a scarcity of suitable space for development, the response to which has frequently been the reclamation of land from the sea, most prominently in China. Urbanization is a key driver of such changes and a detailed investigation of coastal land reclamation at the city scale is required. This study analyzed remote sensing imagery for the period 1990 to 2018 to explore the trajectories of coastal land reclamation in nine major urban agglomerations across the three largest deltas in China using the JRC Global Surface Water (Yearly Water Classification History, v1.1) (GSW) dataset on the Google Earth Engine platform. The results are considered in the context of major national policy reforms over the last three decades. The analysis reveals that total land reclaimed among nine selected cities had exceeded 2800 km2 since 1984, 82% of which occurred after 2000, a year following the enactment of China\u2019s agricultural \u2018red line\u2019 policy. Shanghai exhibited the greatest overall area of land extension, followed by Ningbo and Tianjin, especially in the period following the privatization of property rights in 2004. In analyzing annual trends, we identified the developmental stages of a typical coastal reclamation project and how these vary between cities. Scrutiny of the results revealed voids in nighttime light satellite data (2014\u20132018) in some localities. Although these voids appeared to be characterized by construction, they were occupied by vacant buildings, and were therefore examples of so-called \u201cghost cities.\u201d In China, as elsewhere, continual land reclamation needs to be considered in relation to, inter alia, sea level rise and land subsidence that pose significant challenges to the vision of sustainable urban development in these three deltaic megacities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T11:30:19Z","timestamp":1573212619000},"page":"2621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mapping Trajectories of Coastal Land Reclamation in Nine Deltaic Megacities using Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1341-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhritiraj","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruishan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8322-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E","family":"Meadows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0109-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Rae","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zilong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.004","article-title":"Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes","volume":"22","author":"Jongman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. 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