{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T18:21:31Z","timestamp":1785608491696,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is a major component of the global and regional water cycle. An operational Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) ET and Drought (GET-D) product system has been developed by the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for numerical weather prediction model validation, data assimilation, and drought monitoring. GET-D system was generating ET and Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) maps at 8 km spatial resolution using thermal observations of the Imagers on GOES-13 and GOES-15 before the primary operational GOES satellites transitioned to GOES-16 and GOES-17 with the Advanced Baseline Imagers (ABI). In this study, the GET-D product system is upgraded to ingest the thermal observations of ABI with the best spatial resolution of 2 km. The core of the GET-D system is the Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inversion (ALEXI) model, which exploits the mid-morning rise in the land surface temperature to deduce the land surface fluxes including ET. Satellite-based land surface temperature and solar insolation retrievals from ABI and meteorological forcing from NOAA NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) are the major inputs to the GET-D system. Ancillary data required in GET-D include land cover map, leaf area index, albedo and cloud mask. This paper presents preliminary results of ET from the upgraded GET-D system after a brief introduction of the ALEXI model and the architecture of GET-D system. Comparisons with in situ ET measurements showed that the accuracy of the GOES-16 ABI based ET is similar to the results from the legacy GET-D ET based on GOES-13\/15 Imager data. The agreement with the in situ measurements is satisfactory with a correlation of 0.914 averaged from three Mead sites. Further evaluation of the ABI-based ET product, upgrade efforts of the GET-D system for ESI products, and conclusions for the ABI-based GET-D products are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1573636287000},"page":"2639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evapotranspiration Data Product from NESDIS GET-D System Upgraded for GOES-16 ABI Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6178-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiwu","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Schull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya","family":"Kalluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istvan","family":"Laszlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0748-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory (U.S. Department of Agriculture), USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<2757:EOITSB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of implementing the simple biosphere model (Sib) in a general circulation model","volume":"46","author":"Sato","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-005-5187-z","article-title":"A Landsat-based energy balance and evapotranspiration model in Western US water rights regulation and planning","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<1397:CFPIAG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud Feedback Processes in a General Circulation Model","volume":"45","author":"Wetherald","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1990)071<0272:OEOLVO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observed Effects of Landscape Variability on Convective Clouds","volume":"71","author":"Rabin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation","volume":"212","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00254-6","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL).: Part 2: Validation","volume":"212","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1029\/WR021i002p00229","article-title":"A Comparison of Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Techniques on Small Upland Catchments","volume":"21","author":"Loague","year":"1985","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02259-Z","article-title":"Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669609491522","article-title":"Use of remote sensing for evapotranspiration monitoring over land surfaces","volume":"41","author":"Kustas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-005-5186-0","article-title":"Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: From empirical to numerical modeling approaches","volume":"19","author":"Courault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.006","article-title":"Global estimates of evapotranspiration for climate studies using multi-sensor remote sensing data: Evaluation of three process-based approaches","volume":"115","author":"Vinukollu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00215-5","article-title":"A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing","volume":"60","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9037-z","article-title":"Estimating Land Surface Evaporation: A Review of Methods Using Remotely Sensed Surface Temperature Data","volume":"29","author":"Kalma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217026","article-title":"A verification of the \u2018triangle\u2019 method for obtaining surface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and surface e","volume":"18","author":"Gillies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8408","article-title":"Satellite-based ET estimation in agriculture using SEBAL and METRIC","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(380)","article-title":"Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC)\u2014Model","volume":"133","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hain, C.R., Crow, W., Mecikalski, J.R., Anderson, M.C., and Holmes, T.R.H. (2011). An intercomparison of available soil moisture estimates from thermal-infrared and passive microwave remote sensing and land-surface modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015633"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0140.1","article-title":"An Intercomparison of Drought Indicators Based on Thermal Remote Sensing and NLDAS-2 Simulations with U.S. Drought Monitor Classifications","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3812.1","article-title":"Evaluation of drought indices based on thermal remote sensing of evapotranspiration over the continental U.S","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"D11112","article-title":"A climatological of surface fluxes and moisture stress across the continental United States based on Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing. Part I: Model formulation","volume":"112","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR00704","article-title":"A two-source approach for estimating turbulent fluxes using multiple angle thermal infrared observations","volume":"33","author":"Kustas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"37","article-title":"An inter-comparison of soil moisture data products from satellite remote sensing and a land surface model","volume":"48","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.45.1.16","article-title":"The Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI): A New Integrated Approach for Monitoring Drought Stress in Vegetation","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran, M.S. (2003). Thermal Infrared Measurement as an Indicator of Plant Ecosystem Health, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203502174-c9"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0144.1","article-title":"Examining Rapid Onset Drought Development Using the Thermal Infrared\u2013Based Evaporative Stress Index","volume":"14","author":"Otkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0110.1","article-title":"Examining the Relationship between Drought Development and Rapid Changes in the Evaporative Stress Index","volume":"15","author":"Otkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Li, Z., Hain, C., Fang, L., Zhan, X., and Anderson, M.C. (2016, January 10\u201315). GOES Evapotranspiration and Drought Product System (GET-D). Proceedings of the 30th Conference on Hydrology of American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, New Orlean, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wu, H., Lettermaier, D., Ward, P., and Tang, Q. (2019). Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration for Global Drought Monitoring. Global Drought and Flood Prediction, AGU Book."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Zhan, X., Hain, C., Fang, L., and Li, Z. (2016). GOES Evapotranspiration (ET) and Drought Product System Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, NOAA. NOAA NESDIS STAR."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM465.1","article-title":"Effects of vegetation clumping on two-source model estimates of surface energy fluxes from an agricultural landscape during SMACEX","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<1352:EFOCSU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimating fluxes on continental scales using remotely sensed data in an atmosphere-land exchange model","volume":"38","author":"Mecikalski","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122381","article-title":"A mixed-layer model for regional evaporation","volume":"74","author":"McNaughton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JHM1024.1","article-title":"Retrieval of an available water-based soil moisture proxy from thermal infrared remote sensing. Part I: Methodology and validation","volume":"10","author":"Hain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210209","article-title":"Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.01.020","article-title":"Coupling of carbon dioxide and water vapor exchanges of irrigated and rainfed maize\u2013soybean cropping systems and water productivity","volume":"150","author":"Suyker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/22\/2639\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:33:45Z","timestamp":1760189625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/22\/2639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11222639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11222639","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]}}}