{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:50:12Z","timestamp":1769154612674,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Cooperation and Exchange Programs between NSFC and DFG","award":["41761134082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41761134082"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Youth","award":["BK20170641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20170641"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018T110477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018T110477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During recent decades, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has shown to be a good proxy for gross primary production (GPP), promoting the development of ground-based SIF observation systems and supporting a greater understanding of the relationship between SIF and GPP. However, it is unclear whether such SIF-oriented observation systems built from different materials and of different configurations are able to acquire consistent SIF signals from the same target. In this study, we used four different observation systems to measure the same targets together in order to investigate whether SIF from different systems is comparable. Integration time (IT), reflectance, and SIF retrieved from different systems with hemispherical-conical (hemi-con) and bi-hemispherical (bi-hemi) configurations were also evaluated. A newly built prism system (SIFprism, using prism to collect both solar and target radiation) has the shortest IT and highest signal to noise ratio (SNR). Reflectance collected from the different systems showed small differences, and the diurnal patterns of both red and far-red SIF derived from different systems showed a marginal difference when measuring the homogeneous vegetation canopy (grassland). However, when the target is heterogeneous, e.g., the Epipremnum aureum canopy, the values and diurnal pattern of far-red SIF derived from systems with a bi-hemi configuration were obviously different with those derived from the system with hemi-con configuration. These results demonstrate that different SIF systems are able to acquire consistent SIF for landscapes with a homogeneous canopy. However, SIF retrieved from bi-hemi and hemi-con configurations may be distinctive when the target is a heterogeneous (or discontinuous) canopy due to the different fields of view and viewing geometries. Our findings suggest that the bi-hemi configuration has an advantage to measure heterogeneous canopies due to the large field of view for upwelling sensors being representative for the footprint of the eddy covariance flux measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1573636287000},"page":"2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparison of Bi-Hemispherical and Hemispherical-Conical Configurations for In Situ Measurements of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0833-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the modis vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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