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They were computed in a synthetic closed-loop simulation world by five independent software systems applying different gravity retrieval methods, but were based on jointly defined mission scenarios. The inter-comparison showed that the results achieved a quite similar performance. Exemplarily, the root mean square (RMS) deviations of global equivalent water height fields from their true reference, resolved up to degree and order 30 of a 9-day solution, vary in the order of 10% of the target signal. Also, co-estimated independent daily gravity fields up to degree and order 15, which have been co-estimated by all processing centers, do not show large differences among each other. This positive result is an important pre-requisite and basis for future joint activities towards the realization of next-generation gravity missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"2654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Next-Generation Gravity Missions: Sino-European Numerical Simulation Comparison Exercise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Pail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Chi","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 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