{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:50:34Z","timestamp":1760241034897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 0325492B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 0325492B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010570","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZN3092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZN3092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a method for reconstructing the wake wind field of a wind turbine based on planar light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scans crossing the wake transversally in the vertical and horizontal directions. Volumetric measurements enable the study of wake characteristics in these two directions. Due to a lack of highly resolved wind speed measurements as reference data, we evaluate the reconstruction in a synthetic environment and determine the reconstruction errors. The wake flow of a multi-megawatt wind turbine is calculated within a 10-min large-eddy simulation (LES) for high-thrust loading conditions. We apply a numerical LiDAR simulator to this wake wind field to achieve realistic one-dimensional velocity data. We perform a nacelle-based set-up with combined plan position indicator and range height indicator scans with eight scanning velocities each. We temporally up-sample the synthetic LiDAR data with a weighted combination of forward- and backward-oriented space\u2013time conversion to retrospectively extract high-resolution wake characteristic dynamics. These dynamics are used to create a dynamic volumetric wake deficit. Finally, we reconstruct the dynamic wake wind field in three spatial dimensions by superposing an ambient wind field with the dynamic volumetric wake deficit. These results demonstrate the feasibility of wake field reconstruction using long-range LiDAR measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"2665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Dynamic Wind-Turbine Wake Wind Fields with Volumetric Long-Range Wind Doppler LiDAR Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hauke","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, ForWind \u2013 University of Oldenburg, K\u00fcpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0506-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, ForWind \u2013 University of Oldenburg, K\u00fcpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1824(199901\/03)2:1<1::AID-WE16>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Survey of modelling methods for wind turbine wakes and wind farms","volume":"2","author":"Crespo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-0421(03)00078-2","article-title":"Wind turbine wake aerodynamics","volume":"39","author":"Vermeer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/we.33","article-title":"Using wavelet analysis to assess turbulence\/rotor interactions","volume":"3","author":"Kelley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hand, M. (2003). Mitigation of Wind Turbine\/Vortex Interaction Using Disturbance Accommodating Control. [Ph.D. Thesis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory].","DOI":"10.2172\/15006832"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(88)90037-2","article-title":"Calculating the flowfield in the wake of wind turbines","volume":"27","author":"Ainslie","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Jensen, N.O. (1983). A Note on Wind Generator Interaction, Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory. Tech. Rep. Ris\u00f8-M-2411(EN)."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/we.189","article-title":"Analytical modelling of wind speed deficit in large offshore wind farms","volume":"9","author":"Frandsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Trujillo, J.J. (2018). Large Scale Dynamics of Wind Turbine Wakes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oldenburg]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/we.267","article-title":"Wake meandering: A pragmatic approach","volume":"11","author":"Larsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.1.044407","article-title":"Wake meandering statistics of a model wind turbine: Insights gained by large eddy simulations","volume":"1","author":"Foti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4885111","article-title":"Large eddy simulation of wind turbine wake dynamics in the stable boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model","volume":"6","author":"Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Renew. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2010","article-title":"Numerical investigation of wind turbine wake development in directionally sheared inflow","volume":"20","author":"Bromm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2011.01.011","article-title":"Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow through wind turbines and wind farms","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.02.053","article-title":"A hybrid actuator disc\u2013Full rotor CFD methodology for modelling the effects of wind turbine wake interactions on performance","volume":"80","author":"Sturge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumar, G., Brasseur, J., Lavely, A.W., Jayaraman, B., and Craven, B. (2016, January 4\u20138). In Interaction of atmospheric turbulence with blade boundary layer dynamics on a 5MW wind turbine using blade-boundary-layer-resolved CFD with hybrid URANS-LES. Proceedings of the 34th Wind Energy Symp, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-0521"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Schmidt, B., King, J., Larsen, G.C., and Larsen, T.J. (2011, January 14\u201317). Load validation and comparison versus certification approaches of the ris\u00f8 dynamic wake meandering model implementation in GH bladed. Proceedings of the EWEA Annual Event 2011, Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, G.C., Ott, S., Larsen, T.J., Hansen, K., and Chougule, A. (2018). In Improved Modelling of Fatigue Loads in Wind Farms under Non-Neutral ABL Stability Conditions, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1037\/7\/072013"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1483.1","article-title":"Wake measurements of a multi-MW wind turbine with coherent long-range pulsed Doppler wind lidar","volume":"27","author":"Rahm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00218.1","article-title":"Utility-scale wind turbine wake characterization using nacelle-based long-range scanning lidar","volume":"31","author":"Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2210","article-title":"Field investigation on the influence of yaw misalignment on the propagation of wind turbine wakes","volume":"21","author":"Bromm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubrun, S., Garcia, E.T., Boquet, M., Coupiac, O., and Girard, N. (2018). In Statistical Analysis of A Field Database to Study Stability Effects on Wind Turbine Wake Properties, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1037\/7\/072047"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, H., and K\u00fchn, M. (2019). Temporal up-sampling of planar long-range doppler LiDAR wind speed measurements using space-time conversion. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070867"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbajo Fuertes, F., and Port\u00e9-Agel, F. (2018). Using a virtual Lidar approach to assess the accuracy of the volumetric reconstruction of a wind turbine wake. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050721"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5194\/wes-2-269-2017","article-title":"Wind field reconstruction from nacelle-mounted lidars short range measurements","volume":"2","author":"Borraccino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wind Energy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapp, S., and K\u00fchn, M. (2014). In A Five-Parameter Wind Field Estimation Method Based on Spherical Upwind Lidar Measurements, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/555\/1\/012112"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/we.1824","article-title":"Real-time wind field reconstruction from LiDAR measurements using a dynamic wind model and state estimation","volume":"19","author":"Towers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00252.1","article-title":"Volumetric lidar scanning of wind turbine wakes under convective and neutral atmospheric stability regimes","volume":"31","author":"Iungo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dooren, M., Trabucchi, D., and K\u00fchn, M. (2016). A methodology for the reconstruction of 2D horizontal wind fields of wind turbine wakes based on dual-Doppler lidar measurements. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100809"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2001\/0010-0363","article-title":"PALM\u2013A large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers","volume":"10","author":"Raasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Troldborg, N. (2008). Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbine Wakes. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonkman, J., Butterfield, S., Musial, W., and Scott, G. (2009). Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development.","DOI":"10.2172\/947422"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119502","article-title":"Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model","volume":"18","author":"Deardorff","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bound. -Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Trabucchi, D., Trujillo, J., Steinfeld, G., Schneemann, J., Machtaa, M., Cariou, J., and K\u00fchn, M. (2011). In Numerical Assessment of Performance of Lidar Wind Scanners for Wake Measurements, EWEA Annual Event 2011, European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sibson, R. (1981). A brief description of natural neighbour interpolation. Interpreting Multivariate Data, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/we.402","article-title":"Light detection and ranging measurements of wake dynamics. Part II: Two-dimensional scanning","volume":"14","author":"Trujillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Brent, R.P. (1973). Algorithms for Minimization without Derivatives, Courier Corporation."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/22\/2665\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:34:31Z","timestamp":1760189671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/22\/2665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11222665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11222665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]}}}