{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:50:52Z","timestamp":1760241052278,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of East China University of Technology","award":["DHBK2018004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHBK2018004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41731066, 41874005 and 41929001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41731066, 41874005 and 41929001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300102269303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102269303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006959","name":"US Forest Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-CR-11062761-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-CR-11062761-035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-precision monitoring of landslides is essential for understanding their kinematics and reducing landslide induced damage. The spatiotemporal deformation variations of the Three Bears landslide in northern California have not been systematically monitored and interpreted. In this study, we applied advanced time-series InSAR analysis methods to characterize the kinematics of the landslide covering two periods (2007\u20132011 and 2015\u20132017) with multi-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired from L-band ALOS PALSAR-1\/2 satellites. Our results show that the Three Bears landslide has been moving consistently, with the Line of Sight (LOS) deformation rate exceeding 300 mm\/yr from 2007 to 2011 and around 250 mm\/yr from 2015 to 2017. The east\u2013west and vertical deformation components were inverted by integrating ascending and descending ALOS PALSAR-2 interferograms during the 2015\u20132017 period, indicating that the landslide was dominated by eastward movement and in a continuous deformation stage. Down-slope landslide motions observed from adjacent satellite tracks with slightly different radar look vectors were used to verify the accuracy of InSAR-derived results. Comparison between linearly detrended InSAR displacements and precipitation records indicate that the landslide tends to accelerate during the wet seasons. The results could allow us to better understand the kinematics of the landslide and provide significant evidence for evaluating the potential for catastrophic failure and the threat posed by such failure to human life and property. Combined with a proper geotechnical\/geomechanical model, the results would also facilitate the design and implementation of mitigation measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"2726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of the Kinematics of Three Bears Landslide in Northern California Using L-band InSAR Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Forest Service (Retired), Yreka, CA 96097, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidle, R., and Ochiai, H. (2006). 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[Master\u2019s Thesis, Humboldt State University]."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/23\/2726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:35:58Z","timestamp":1760189758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/23\/2726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11232726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11232726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]}}}