{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:28:53Z","timestamp":1775064533883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA15226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA15226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Competitive interactions are important predictors of tree growth. Spatial and temporal changes in resource availability, and variation in species and spatial patterning of trees alter competitive interactions, thus affecting tree growth and, hence, biomass. Competition indices are used to quantify the level of competition among trees. As these indices are normally computed only over small areas, where field measurements are done, it would be useful to have a tool to predict them over large areas. On this regard, remote sensing, and in particular light detection and ranging (lidar) data, could be the perfect tool. The objective of this study was to use lidar metrics to predict competition (on the basis of distance-dependent competition indices) of individual trees and to relate them with tree aboveground biomass (AGB). The selected study area was a mountain forest area located in the Italian Alps. The analyses focused on the two dominant species of the area: Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). The results showed that lidar metrics could be used to predict competition indices of individual trees (R2 above 0.66). Moreover, AGB decreased as competition increased, suggesting that variations in the availability of resources in the soil, and the ability of plants to withstand competition for light may influence the partitioning of biomass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T02:49:27Z","timestamp":1574390967000},"page":"2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prediction of Competition Indices in a Norway Spruce and Silver Fir-Dominated Forest Using Lidar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Soraya","family":"Versace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Gianelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy"},{"name":"The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Frizzera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7771-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tognetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6980-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Garf\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Dalponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12522","article-title":"Climate modulates the effects of tree diversity on forest productivity","volume":"104","author":"Jucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"938","article-title":"Local Analysis of Tree Competition and Growth","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.04.014","article-title":"Contributions of competition and climate on radial growth of Pinus massoniana in subtropics of China","volume":"274","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. 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