{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:27:23Z","timestamp":1762352843914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) satellite clock error is crucial in real-time precise point positioning (PPP), seismology, and many other high-rate GNSS applications. In this work, the authors show the characterisation of the atomic GNSS clock\u2019s stability and its dependency on the adopted orbit type using Allan deviation with two methods of averaging time. Four International GNSS Service (IGS) orbit types were used: broadcast, ultra-rapid, rapid and final orbit. The calculations were made using high-rate 1 Hz observations from the IGS stations equipped with external clocks (oscillators). The most stable receiver oscillator was chosen as a reference clock. The results show the advantage of the newest GPS satellite block with respect to the other satellites. Significant differences in the results based on the orbit type used have not been recorded. Many averaging time methods used in Allan deviation (ADEV) show the clock\u2019s fluctuations, usually smoothed in 2n s averaging times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1574419360000},"page":"2754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["High-Rate Monitoring of Satellite Clocks Using Two Methods of Averaging Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Maciuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Lewi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hordyniec, P., Kap\u0142on, J., Rohm, W., and Kryza, M. (2018). Residuals of Tropospheric Delays from GNSS Data and Ray-Tracing as a Potential Indicator of Rain and Clouds. 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