{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:18:34Z","timestamp":1764937114060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS","award":["QYZDY-SSW-DQC026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYZDY-SSW-DQC026"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590851, 41590852, 41574014, and 41774014,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590851, 41590852, 41574014, and 41774014,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The solar invasion to an Earth observation sensor will cause potential damage to the sensor and reduce the accuracy of the measurements. This paper investigates the effects of solar invasion on the Moon-based Earth observation sensors. Different from the space-borne platform, a Moon-based sensor can be equipped anywhere on the near-side of the Moon, and this makes it possible to reduce solar invasion effects by selecting suitable regions to equip sensors. In this paper, methods for calculating the duration of the Sun entering of the sensor\u2019s field of view (FOV) and the solar invasion radiation at the entrance pupil of the sensor are proposed. By deducing the expressions of the proposed geometrical relationship between the Sun, Earth, and Moon-based platform, it has been found that the key parameter to the effects of solar invasion is the angle between the Sun direction and the line-of-sight vector. Based on this parameter, both the duration and radiation can be calculated. In addition, an evaluation approach based on the mean value and standard deviation has been established to compare the variation of solar invasion radiation at different positions on the lunar surface. The results show that the duration is almost the same wherever the sensor is placed in the permanent Earth-observation region. Further, by comparing the variation of solar invasion radiation at different positions on the near-side of the Moon, we suggest that equipping sensors on the mid\u2013high latitude regions within the permanent Earth-observation region will result in less solar invasion affects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T11:12:21Z","timestamp":1574680341000},"page":"2775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Solar Invasion on Earth Observation Sensors at a Moon-Based Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4592-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanlin","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Huadong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Earth Observations in China and the World: History and Development in 50 Years","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. 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